
Qass. 
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THE 



UNITY OF HISTORY. 



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PRINTED BV C. J. CLAY, M.A. 
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



THE 



UNITY OF HISTORY. 



THE REDE LECTURE 

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE-HOUSE 

BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 

ON FRIDAY, MAY 24, 1872. 



BY 



EDWARD A.^REEMAN, M.A., Hon. D.C.L. 

FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD. 



^:/ 



Sontion : ,j 
MACMILLAN AND CO. 

1872. 

{^All Rights resei-ved.l 



■ F'Sb 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



The revival of learning in the fifteenth and 
sixteenth centuries marks, as is agreed on all 
hands, one of the great epochs in the history 
of the mind of man. It is easy to exaggerate 
the extent of the revival itself; it is easy to 
dwell too exclusively on the bright side of its 
results; but the undoubted fact still remains by 
none the less. That age was an age when the 
spirit of man cast away trammels by which it had 
long been fettered; it was an age when men open- 
ed their eyes to light against which they had 
been closed for ages. A new world was opened ; 
or more truly, a world which men never had 
forgotten, but which had become to them a 
F. I 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



world of fable, was suddenly set before them 
in its true and living reality. The Virgil, the 
Aristotle, the Alexander, of legend gave way 
to the true Virgil, the true Aristotle, the true 
Alexander, called up again to life in their 
writings, and in their deeds. We are indeed 
apt greatly to exaggerate the ignorance of 
earlier times, but in one point it is hardly pos- 
sible to exaggerate the importance of the 
change. It must have been like the discovery 
of a new sense, like the discovery of a new 
world of being, when the treasures of genuine 
Greek literature were, for the first time, thrown 
open to the gaze of Western Christendom. 
The twelfth century had its classical revival as 
well as the fifteenth ; but the classical revival 
of the twelfth century hardly ever went be- 
yond a more accurate knowledge, a more 
happy imitation, of the elder specimens of 
that Latin tongue which was still the tongue 
of religion, government, and learning. To 
William of Malmesbury and John of Salisbury 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



the voice of Homer was dumb, and the voice 
of Aristotle spoke only at third-hand with a 
Spanish Saracen to his dragoman. Such know- 
ledge of Greek as fell to the lot of Robert 
Grosseteste and Roger Bacon was looked on 
as a prodigy; and, whatever was its amount, 
it certainly did not extend to any familiar 
knowledge of the masterpieces of Hellenic 
poetry, history, or oratory. That revival of 
learning which brought the men of our North- 
ern world face to face with the camp before 
Ilios and with the Agor^ of Athens, was indeed 
a revolution which amounted to hardly less 
than a second birth of the human mind. 

Yet the revival of learning, rich and mani- 
fold as have been its fruits, had its dark side. 
I speak not of its immediate results, political 
and ecclesiastical, in its native land of Italy. 
Yet better far was the honest barbarism of the 
darkest age than the guilty splendours of 
Lorenzo and of Leo, where all the blaze of 
art and poetry and learning strive in vain to 

1—2 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



gloss over the overthrow of freedom and the 
foul abuse of sacred things. I speak of the 
effects of the classical revival of those days 
directly on the pursuit of learning, on those 
studies of Greek and Roman literature and 
art which became the all in all of the intellect 
of the age. It at once opened and narrowed 
the field of human study. It led men to centre 
their whole powers on an exclusive attention 
to writings contained in two' languages, and 
for the most part in certain arbitrarily chosen 
periods of those two languages. In its first 
stage it devoted itself too exclusively to the 
mere literature of those two languages, as op- 
posed to the solid lessons of their political 
history. But, in all its forms and stages, it 
fostered the idea that the languages, the arts, 
the history, of Greece and Rome, at certain 
stages of their being, were the only forms of 
language, art, and history which deserved the 
study of cultivated men. It led to the belief, 
not perhaps fully put forth in words) but none 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



the less practically acted on, that those two 
languages, and all that belonged to them, had 
some special privilege above all others — that 
the studies which were honoured by the pos- 
sibly ambiguous name of * classical' were fenced 
off from all others by some mysterious barrier 
— that they formed a sacred precinct which 
the initiated alone might enter, and from which 
the profane were to be jealously shut out. 
Such a state of feeling, a feeling which has 
even now far from died out, could not fail to 
lead to mere contempt, and thereby to mere 
ignorance, of everything beyond the sacred 
pale. And, what is more, it hindered any 
knowledge of the true nature of those things 
which were allowed a place within the sacred 
pale. It led to a cutting off of so-called ' clas- 
sical' studies from all ordinary human pursuits 
and human interests. And of this cutting off 
we still feel the evil effects. Men persuaded 
themselves that ' classical ' models in literature 
and art were, not -only among the noblest and 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



-t 



most precious works of human genius, but that 
they were the only possible standards of ex- 
cellence. Whatever did not conform to their 
patterns was worthless, barbarous, what the 
exclusive votaries of classical art and literature 
deemed that they were branding with the 
heaviest reproach when they called it Gothic. 
They thus cut themselves off from long and 
stirring volumes of the world's history; they 
cut themselves off from forms of art and lan- 
guage as worthy of their homage as those 
which they deemed alone worthy to receive it. 
They learned to look with scorn on the works 
of men of their own land, their own blood, 
and their own faith. They stifled art and 
literature by arbitrary rules drawn from models, 
perfect indeed in their own time and place, 
but which were utterly inappropriate when 
creeds and tongues and feelings had altogether 
changed. Let any one who would thoroughly 
take in how low the taste of Englishmen had 
falkn under the dominion of the exclusive 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



classical fashion turn to those passages in the 
Spectator where Addison chances to speak of 
the history, the manners, the art, the religious 
belief, of Englishmen in earlier days. Then let 
him turn, and see how even then nature asserted 
her rights against the deadening yoke of fash- 
ion, in the papers in which the same man 
called on his astonished age to acknowledge 
an outpouring of the true Homeric spirit in 
the English lay of Chevy Chace. 

But, more than all this, the exclusive study 
of ' classical ' models hindered men from gaining 
any living knowledge of the classical models 
themselves. It has been wittily said that they 
deemed that all ' the ancients ' lived at the same 
time. Certain it is that the habit of constantly 
classing together Greece and Rome — that is, 
Greece and Rome during a few arbitrarily 
chosen centuries of their history — in opposition 
to all other times and places led to an utter 
forgetfulness of the wide gap by which Greece 
and Rome were parted asunder. Men forgot 



8 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

the difference between the Ionian singer and the 
Augustan laureate ; they held up Homer and 
Virgil as poets of the same class, whose merits 
and defects could be profitably compared to- 
gether. They would have been amazed indeed 
to be told that the true parallel for the tale of 
the wrath of Achilleus was to be looked for in 
the Lay of the Nibelungs or in the stirring battle- 
songs of Saulcourt and Maldon. They would 
have deemed it a degradation to entertain the 
thought that the vulgar tongues of England 
and Germany were kindred tongues, of equal 
birth and claiming equal honour, with the sacred 
languages of Latium and Attica. They would 
have deemed it, not so much a degradation as 
an utterance of open madness, had they heard 
that those sacred languages were but dialects of 
one common mother-speech, and that its elder 
offspring was to be looked for in the tongues 
of lands which the Macedonian conqueror had 
barely grazed, and, more wondrous still to tell, 
in the fast-vanishing speech of a few men of 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



strange tongue by the Eastern shore of the 
Baltic Sea. 

On us a new light has come. I do not for a 
moment hesitate to say that the discovery of 
the Comparative method in philology, in my- 
thology — let me add in politics and history and \ 
the whole range of human thought — marks a 
stage in the progress of the human mind at 
least as great and memorable as the revival of 
Greek and Latin learning. The great contri- 
bution of the nineteenth century to the advance 
of human knowledge may boldly take its stand 
alongside of the great contribution of the 
fifteenth. Like the revival of learning, it has 
opened to its votaries a new world, and that not 
an isolated world, a world shut up within itself, 
but a world in which times and tongues and 
nations which before seemed parted poles 
asunder, find each one its own place, its own re- 
lation to every other, as members of one common 
primaeval brotherhood. And not the least of 
its services is that jt has put the languages and 



10 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

the history of the so-called 'classical' world 
into their true position in the general history 
of the world. By making them no longer the 
objects of an exclusive idolatry, it has made 
them the objects of a worthier, because a more 
reasonable, worship. It has broken down the 
middle wall of partition between kindred races 
and kindred studies ; it has swept away barriers 
which fenced off certain times and languages as 
* dead ' and ' ancient ;' it has taught us that there 
is no such thing as * dead ' and ' living ' languages, 
as ' ancient' and ' modern ' history ; it has taught 
us that the study of language is one study, that 
the study of history is one study ; it has taught 
us that no languages are more truly living than 
those which an arbitrary barrier fences off as 
dead ; it has taught us that no parts of history 
are more truly modern — if by modern we mean 
full of living interest and teaching for our own 
times — than those which the delusive name of 
'ancient' would seem to brand as something 
which has wholly passed away, something which, 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. II 

for any practical loss in these later times, may 
safely be forgotten. 

My position then is that, in all our studies 
of history and language — and the study of 
language, besides all that it is in other ways, 
is one most important branch of the study of 
history — ^we must cast away all distinctions of 
'ancient' and * modern,' of 'dead' and 'living,' 
and must boldly grapple with the great fact 
of the unity of history. As man is the same 
in all ages, the history of man is one in all 
ages. The scientific student of language, the 
student of primitive culture, will refuse any 
limits to their pursuits which cut them off from 
any portion of the earth's surface, from any 
moment of man's history since he first walked 
upon it. In their eyes the languages and the 
customs of Greece and Rome have no special 
privilege above the languages and the customs 
of other nations. They do but take their place 
among their fellows, as illustrations of the 
universal laws which bear rule over human 



12 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

I 

nature and human speech. But let us come 
to history more strictly so called, to the history 
of man as a political being, to the history of 
our own quarter of the globe and our own 
family of nations. The history of the Aryan 
nations of Europe, their languages, their insti- 
tutions, their dealings with one another, all 
form one long series \ of cause and effect, no 
part of which can be rightly understood if it 
be dealt with as something wholly cut off from, 
and alien to, any other part. There is really 
nothing in certain arbitrarily chosen centuries 
of the history of Greece and Italy, which ought 
to cut them off, either for reverence or for con- 
tempt, from any other portion of the history 
of the kindred nations. There is nothing to 
make the so-called * ancient' history a separate 
study from that of so-called 'modern' times. 
'Ancient' history calls for no special powers 
for its mastery; it calls for no special method 
in its study. The powers which are needed for 
the mastery of ancient history are the same as 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 3 

those that are needed for the mastery of modern 
history. The method, the line of thought, the 
habits of research and criticism, which are needed 
for the one are equally needed for the other.' 
Knowledge is, in both cases, gained by the 
exercise of the same faculties, and by the 
use of the same process in their exercise. So 
too it is with language. There is not, as the 
world in general seems to think, anything 
special or mysterious about the Greek and 
Latin tongues, or about those particular stages 
of their history which are picked out to receive 
the name of classical. The accurate knowledge 
of one language can be gained only by the 
same means as the accurate knowledge of 
another. It does not need two sets of faculties, 
but one and the same set, to enable us to master 
the inflexions of the tongue of Homer and 
the kindred inflexions of the kindred tongue 
of Umias. 

No language, no period of history, can be 
understood in its fulness, none can be clothed 



14 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

with its highest interest and its highest profit, if 
it be looked at wholly in itself without reference 
to its bearing on those other languages, those 
other periods of history, which join with it to 
make up the great whole of human, or at least 
of Aryan and European, being. The tie which 
binds together the Greek and the Latin lan- 
guages is perhaps closer than that which binds 
either of them to any other member of the great 
family. But the tie is simply closer in degree ; 
it is in no way different in kind. We are at last 
learning that our scientific knowledge of the 
speech of Greece is imperfect unless we add to 
it a scientific knowledge of the speech of Eng- 
land, and that our knowledge of the speech of 
England is imperfect unless we add to it a 
scientific knowledge of the speech of Greece. 
We are learning that Greek and Roman his- 
tory do not stand alone, bound together by 
some special tie, but isolated from the rest 
of the history of the world, even from the 
history of the kindred nations. We are learn- 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 5 

ing that European history, from its first glim- 
merings to our own day, is one unbroken 
drama, no part of which can be rightly un- 
derstood without reference to the other parts 
which come before and after it. We are learn- 
ing that of this great drama Rome is the 
centre, the point to which all roads lead, and 
from which all roads lead no less. It is the 
vast lake in which all the streams of earlier 
history lose themselves, and from which all 
the streams of later history flow forth again. 
The world of independent Greece stands on 
one side of it ; the world of modern Europe 
stands on another. But the history alike of 
the great centre itself and of its satellites on 
either side can never be fully grasped except 
from a point of view wide enough to take in 
the whole group, and to mark the relations of 
each of its members to the centre and to one 
another. As with the language, so with the his- 
tory. Our knowledge of the history of Greece 
is imperfect without a knowledge of the kindred 



1 6 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

history of England, and our knowledge of the 
history of England is imperfect without a 
knowledge of the kindred history of Greece. 
Rome is the centre ; Rome is the common 
link which binds all together; and yet, while 
learning this, while learning more truly and 
fully the place and dignity of Rome, we are 
learning too to cast away the superstition which 
once looked on her language as the one guide 
and key to all other languages and to all hu- 
man knowledge. We have learned that all 
members of the great family are alike kinsfolk, 
entitled to stand side by side on equal terms. 
We have learned that Angul and his brother 
Dan may march boldly and claim of right to 
speak face to face with their cousin Hellen, 
and have no need to be smuggled in by some 
back-way through the favour of their other 
cousin Latinus. 

I here stop to answer one possible objection. 
Is it, I may be asked, needful for the student of 
history or of language to be master of all. 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 7 



history and of all language ? Must he be 
equally familiar with the tongue, the literature, 
the political constitutions, the civil and military 
events, of all times and places? Such an 
amount of knowledge, it may well be argued, 
can never fall to the lot of man. And some 
may go on to infer that any doctrine which 
may even seem to lead to such a result must be 
in itself chimerical. Now to be equally familiar 
with all history and all language is of course 
utterly beyond human power. But it is none 
the less true that the student of history or of 
language— and he who is a student of either 
must be in no small degree a student of the 
other — must take in all history and all language 
within his range. The degrees of his know- 
ledge of various languages, of various branches 
of history, will vary infinitely. Of some 
branches he must know everything, but of 
every branch he must know something. 'Each 
student will have his own special range, the 
times and places which he chooses for his special 
F. 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 



and minute study. Of these he will know 
everything ; he will master every detail of 
their history in the minutest way from the 
original authorities. The choice of such times 
and places for special study will of course 
depend upon each man's taste and opportunities; 
one may prefer an earlier, another a later time ; 
one may choose the East, another the West ; 
one may choose a heathen, another a Christian 
period ; but all are fellow-workers, if only they 
all remember that beyond the something of 
which they must needs know everything lies 
the everything of which they need only know 
something. No man can study the history of 
all ages and countries in original authorities. 
To the man who is most deeply versed in 
historic lore there must still be many periods 
of which his knowledge is vague, imperfect, 
and gained at second-hand. When a subject 
is so vast, it cannot be otherwise. Some 
branches must in every case be primary and 
some secondary ; which are primary and which 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 9 



are secondary will of course differ in the case 
of each particular student. It is enough if 
each man, while thoroughly mastering the 
branches of his own choice, knows at least 
enough of the other branches to have a clear 
and abiding conception of their relation to his 
own special branches and to one another. And 
the thorough knowledge of one period, the 
habit of minute research and criticism among 
contemporary authorities, undoubtedly gives a 
man a power which leads him better to see 
his way through the periods which he has to 
take at second-hand, and to feel by a kind of 
instinct which second-hand writers may be freely 
followed and which must be used with caution. 
A man who is thoroughly master of the period 
which to him is primary will readily grasp the 
leading outlines and the true relations of the 
period which to him is secondary. The one 
point is that of no period of history worthy of 
the name, of no part of the record of man's 
political being, can he afford to know nothing. 

2 — 2 



20 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

I have said that a knowledge of the history 
of Greece is imperfect without a knowledge of 
the history of England, and that a knowledge of 
the history of England is imperfect without a 
knowledge of the history of Greece. But I do 
not say that the knowledge need be in each 
case the same in amount, or even the same in 
kind. With many men one must be primary 
and the other secondary ; one will be a study to 
be mastered in its minutest detail, while the 
other will be something of which it is enough 
to know the main outlines and to grasp the 
true relations of each period to the others. 
And as it is with history, so it is with language. 
The philologer will have certain languages of 
which he is thoroughly master, with whose 
literature he is familiar, and in which his tact 
can distinguish the nicest peculiarities of dia- 
lects and periods and particular writers. Of 
other tongues he will have no such minute 
knowledge ; he may be unable to compose a 
sentence in them, perhaps even to construe a 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 21 

sentence in them; yet he may have a very real 
and practical knowledge of them for his own 
purpose. That purpose is gained if he tho- 
roughly grasps their relations to other languages, 
the main peculiarities which distinguish them, 
and the position which they hold in the general 
history of human speech. 

Looking then at the history of man, at all 
events at the history of Aryan man in Europe, 
as one unbroken whole, no part of which can 
be safely looked at without reference to other 
parts, we shall soon see that those branches 
of history which are too often set aside as 
something distinct and isolated from all 
others do not lose but gain in dignity and 
importance, by being set free from the unna- 
tural bondage, by being brought into their 
natural relation to other branches of the one 
great study of which they form a part. Let 
us look at the history of the Greek people and 
the Greek tongue. Some men speak as if that 
history came to an end on the field of Chai- 



22 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

roneia, while others will graciously allow that 
the life of Greece lingered on to be burned up 
for ever among the flames of Corinth. Some 
speak as if the whole being of the Greek 
tongue was shut up within those few centuries 
which, by an arbitrary distinction, we choose 
to speak of as ^classical.' Some indeed draw 
the line very rigidly indeed. There was one 
Greek historian before whose eyes the history 
of the world was laid open as it never was 
to any other man before or after. There was 
one man who, in the compass of a single life, 
had been as it were a dweller in two 
worlds, in two wholly different stages of man's 
being. To the experience of Polybios the old 
life of independent Greece, the border warfare 
and the internal politics of her common- 
wealths, had been the familiar scenes of his 
earlier days. His childhood had been brought 
up among the traditions of the Achaian League, 
among men who were fellow- workers with 
Markos and Aratos. His birth would almost 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 23 

fall in days when Megalopolis stood under the 
rule of Lydiadas an independent unit in the 
independent world of Hellas. The son of Ly- 
kortas, the pupil of Philopoimen, may have sat 
as a child on the knees of the deliverer of 
Sikyon and Corinth. He could remember the 
times when the tale of the self-devotion of their 
illustrious tyrant must have still sounded like 
a trumpet in the ears of the men of the Great 
City. He had himself borne to the grave the 
urn of the last hero of his native land, cut 
off, as Anaxandros or Archidamos might have 
been, in border warfare with the rebels of 
Messene. He could remember times when Ma- 
cedonia, perhaps even when Carthage, was 
still an independent and mighty power, able to 
grapple on equal terms with the advancing, 
but as yet not overwhelming, power of Rome. 
He lived to see all swept away. He lived to 
see Africa, Macedonia, and Greece itself, either 
incorporated with the Roman dominion or 
mocked with a shadow of freedom which left 



24 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

them abject dependents on the will of the con- 
quering people. He saw the dominion of the 
descendants of Seleukos, the truest heirs of 
Alexander's conquests, shrink up from the vast 
empire of Western Asia into the local sove- 
reignty of a Syrian kingdom. He saw Perga- 
mos rise to its momentary greatness and Egypt 
begin the first steps of its downward course. 
He saw the gem of Asiatic history, the wise 
Confederation of Lykia, rise into being after the 
model of the state in which his own youth 
had been spent. He lived to stand by the 
younger Scipio beside the flames of Carthage, 
and, if he saw not the ruin of Corinth with his 
own eyes, he tried to legislate for the helpless 
Roman dependency into which the free Hellenic 
League of his youth had changed. The man 
who saw all this saw changes greater than the 
men who lived in the days of Theodoric and 
Justinian, or the men who lived in the days 
of the elder Buonaparte. And yet there are 
scholars, men devoted to 'ancient' and * classi- 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 2$ 

cal' learning, who have been known to cast 
away from them the writings of the man who 
saw all this, because forsooth they were 'bad 
Greek,' because they did npt conform in every 
jot and tittle to the standard of some arbitra- 
rily chosen point in the history of a language 
which has lived a life of wellnigh three thou- 
sand years. As if the form were more pre- 
cious than the substance ; as if the changes 
in a language were not the most instructive 
part of the history of that language ; as if it 
were not as unreasonable to call the Greek of 
Polybios 'bad Greek' because it is not the 
Greek of Thucydides, as it would be to call the 
Greek of Thucydides 'bad Greek' because it 
is not the Greek of Homer. But let us rise 
above trammels such as these ; let us take a 
wider and a worthier view of the long history of 
the most illustrious form of human speech. Let 
us remember that the despised Greek of Poly- 
bios gives us an instance of a law which has 
gone on from his day to ours. Thucydides, 



26 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

Xenophon, Demosthenes, wrote and harangued 
in the dialect which came most naturally to 
their lips, in the dialect of their daily life. The 
History of Polybios is as little written in the 
dialect which came most naturally to his lips 
as is the History of Trikoupes. The language 
of an Arkadian inscription is something wholly 
different from the language of the contemporary 
History. That is to say, the dialect of Athens 
had already made that complete conquest of 
Hellenic prose literature which it has kept ever 
since. The classical purist may smile when I 
apply the name of Attic to the long succession 
of writers of Macedonian, Roman, and Byzan- 
tine date. But so it is; the style and spirit 
may change; the vocabulary may be corrupted 
by strange and barbarous intruders, but the 
mere form of words still remains Attic. The 
latest Byzantine writer really differs less from 
Xenophdn than Xenophon differs from Hero- 
dotus. Even the language of a modern Greek 
newspaper, in its vain attempts to call back 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 2/ 

a form of speech which has passed away, is 
Attic to the best of its abihty. Its aim is to 
reproduce the Greek of Plato and Xenophon, 
not the Greek of Herodotus or of Pindar. 
What higher tribute can be paid to the great 
writers of the short sunshine of Athenian glory, 
than that the dialect of their one city should 
for two thousand years have thus set the stand- 
ard of Greek prose writing, that it should thus 
keep up one ideal of Hellenic purity among 
the many and shifting forms of speech which 
were the native dialects of the men who used 
it? But the full extent, the full worth, of such 
a tribute can never be fully understood by 
those who cast away with contempt whatever 
does not fully come up to an ideal whose fulness 
of course was unattainable except in its native 
time and place. The man who would fully take 
in the influence of the Greek tongue and the 
Greek mind on the history of the world must look 
far beyond the narrow range of time and place 
within which classical purism would confine 



28 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

him. Let him see how, in the earliest days of 
Greek colonization, the tongue and the arts of 
Greece found themselves a home on every coast 
from the isle of Cyprus to the peninsula of 
Spain. Let him look on the greater isle of 
Sicily, twice the battle-field between the East 
and the West, between Africa and Europe, 
between the Semitic and the Aryan man. Let 
him see the native tribes gradually absorbed by 
kindred conquerors and neighbours, till the 
distinction between Sikel and Sikeliot died 
away, till the whole island was gathered into 
the Hellenic fold, a land whose Hellenic life 
lived on through the rule of Carthaginian, 
Roman, Saracen, and Norman, and where 
the tongue in which the victories of Hieron 
had been sung to the lyre of Pindar lived on to 
record the glories of the house of Hauteville on 
the walls of the Saracenic churches of Palermo. 
Look again at the Phokaian settlement in Gaul; 
see how, among a race far more alien than the 
kindred Sikel, the arts and letters of Greece 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 29 

held their place for ages, and how some glim- 
merings from the Massalian hearth seem even to 
have reached, not indeed to our own forefathers, 
but to our predecessors in our own island. See 
the long history of the Massalian commonwealth 
itself; how the spirit of the men who sailed 
away from the Persian yoke lived on in their 
kinsfolk who withstood the might of Caesar, 
and sprang again to life in later times to with- 
stand the sterner might of Charles of Anjou. 
From the western extremity of Greek coloni- 
zation let us look to the eastern; let us turn 
our eyes from the northern shore of the Medi- 
terranean to the northern shore of the Inhos- 
pitable Sea. The Greek kingdom of Bosporos 
and the Greek commonwealth of Cherson have 
passed so utterly out of memory that we may 
doubt whether, when, eighteen years back, those 
lands were in every mouth, there was one among 
the warriors and tourists and writers of a day 
who knew that, in compassing the fortress of 
Sebastopol, he was treading on the ruins of the 



30 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

last of the Greek republics. Yet it is something 
to remember that, ages after Athens, and Sparta 
and Thebes had been swallowed up in the 
dominion of Rome, ages after their citizens had 
exchanged the name of Hellenes for the name 
of Romans, the fire once lighted at the pryta- 
neion of Megara still burned on, and one single 
commonwealth still lived, Greek in blood and 
speech and feeling, the ally but not the subject 
of the lords of the Old and the New Rome. 
Thus far we have seen the free Greek settle on 
distant shores, and carry with him the freedom 
of his own land. But we must look also to 
other times and lands, when the Greek tongue 
and Greek arts were scattered through the world, 
but without carrying Greek freedom with them. 
Yet it was something that, before Greece 
yielded to her Macedonian master, he had him- 
self to become a Greek, to be adopted into the 
great religious brotherhood of Greece, and to be 
chosen, with at least the outward assent of her 
commonwealths, to be their cornmon leader 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 3 I 

against the barbarian. The arms which over- 
threw her old political freedom carried her 
tongue and her culture through the kingdoms 
of the East. The centres of Grecian intellectual 
life moved from the banks of the Ilissos and the 
Eurotas to the banks of the Orontes and the Nile. 
Even the barbarous Gaul, the descendant of the 
invaders of her Delphic temple, was brought in 
his new home within her magic range, and his 
Asiatic land deserved to be spoken of as the 
Gaulish Greece. Thus that artificial Greek 
nation arose, sometimes Greek in birth, always 
Greek in speech and culture, which so long 
divided the dominion of the world, and which, 
after ages of bondage, has again sprung to life 
in our own day. It is something too to see 
how truly Greece led captive, not only her 
Macedonian but her Roman conqueror ; to 
remember how the first Roman historians re- 
corded Roman legends in the Greek tongue, 
and how wellnigh every Reman poet went to 
Greece as the fount of his inspiration. But our 



32 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

view will not stop with the Augustan or with 
the Flavian age. If we would see how truly 
Greece conquered Rome, we must see the two 
imperial saints of heathendom, Marcus in his 
camp by the Danube and Julian in his camp 
by the Rhine, choosing the tongue of Greece, 
and not of Rome, to receive the witness of the 
time when the prayer of the wise man was 
answered, and when philosophers held the do- 
minion of the world. But from them we must 
turn away to the records of the Faith which the 
one persecuted and the other cast aside. Those 
conquests which made the Greek tongue the 
literary tongue of civilized Asia caused that 
it should be in the Greek tongue that the 
oracles of Christianity should be given to the 
world, and that Greek should be the speech 
of the earliest and most eloquent expounders 
of the Faith. The traditions of Greece and 
Rome, the conquests of Macedonian warriors 
and of Christian apostles, all joined together 
when the throne and the name of Rome were 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 33 

transferred to a Greek-speaking city of the 
Eastern world, and when the once heathen colony 
of Megara was baptized into the Christian capital 
of Constantine. Thence went on the lone do- 
minion of the laws of Rome, but of the speech, 
the learning, and the arts of Greece, the dominion 
of the city which those who scorned and over^ 
threw her political power none the less revered 
as their intellectual mistress. We have not 
gone through the history of Greece till we have 
read the legends carved in her tongue on the 
monumental stones of Ravenna, and blazing- in 
all the glory of the apses of Venice and Torcello. 
We have not taken in how thoroughly Greece 
leavened the world, till we read how the 
panegyric of the Norman Conqueror tells us 
that the spoils of England were of such rich- 
ness that they would not have disgraced the 
Imperial city, and that even Greek eyes might 
have looked on them with admiration. The 
Empire of Greece has passed away, but her 
changeless Church remains, the Church which 

J^ 3 



34 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

still speaks with the tongue of Paul and of 
Chrysostom, the Church which still sends up 
her prayers in the words of the liturgies of the 
earliest days, the Church which still keeps her 
Creed free from the interpolations of later times, 
and which, alone among Christian Churches, can 
give to her people the New Testament itself, and 
not man's interpretation of it. And now again 
the Hellen, disguised for ages under the Roman 
name, has once more stood forth as a nation, 
a nation artificial indeed as regards actual blood, 
but a nation well defined by its Greek speech 
and its Greek religion. And, if regenerate Hellas 
has in some points failed, what has been the 
cause of her failure .'' Mainly because regenerate 
Hellas has, in the zeal of her new birth, for- 
gotten her long continuous being. It is, above 
all things, the dream of the irrecoverable past, 
the dream of the exclusively classic past, which 
has checked the progress of the ransomed nation. 
A Greece which could utterly forget Athens and 
Sparta, which could look on herself simply as one 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY 35 



of the Christian races rescued, or to be rescued 
from the bondage of the Infidel— a Greece which 
could look on herself, and which was allowed 
to look on herself, simply as the yoke-fellow 
of Servia and Bulgaria— would be far more likely 
to hold up her head among the nations of 
Europe than a Greece that still dreams of Ther- 
mopylai and Marathon, albeit her strife for 
freedom was one in which the very soil of Ther- 
mopylai and Marathon was again dyed with 
the blood of vanquished barbarians. 

Surely in such a view as this we learn how 
truly history is one; surely such a survey teaches 
us how the whole drama hangs together, how 
ill we can afford to look at any one of its 
scenes as a mere isolated fragment, without 
referring to the scenes before and after it. And 
surely we pay the highest homage to 'ancient' 
days, to 'classic' days, to the nation which 
stood forth as the first teacher of the human 
mind, and to the tongue which was the instru- 
ment of its teaching, not by shutting them up 

l~2 



36 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

within the prison of a few centuries, but by 
tracing out their influence on the history of all 
time, by showing how close is the bearing of 
those ^ancient' times upon the modern world 
around us, and how the language which we 
falsely speak of as Mead' has in truth never 
died, but still lives on, as it has ever lived 
through the revolutions of so many ages. But 
we shall feel the oneness of history even more, 
if we turn from Greece and her influence on 
mankind to the influence of other 'ancient' and 
' classical ' people, to the long and abiding life 
of that other tongue which is even more strange- 
ly spoken of as 'dead.' Let. us look at Rome, 
not the mere ' classic ' Rome of a generation or 
two of imitative poets, but the true Eternal 
City, the Rome of universal history. And in 
this view, it is again no small witness to the 
oneness of true history that much that we have 
already looked at as Greek we must look at 
from another point as Roman. The influence 
of Greece on the later world, deep and lasting 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 3/ 

as it has been, has been largely an indirect 
influence, an influence of example and analogy. 
No modern nation is governed by the laws of 
Lykourgos or the laws of Solon ; no modern 
state can directly trace its pohtical being either 
to Athenian democracy or to Macedonian 
royalty. But Rome still lives in the inmost 
life of every modern European state. Two 
abiding signs of her rule stand out on the very 
surface of the modern world, and need no 
thought, no searching into records, to point 
them out or to explain their cause. Three of 
the foremost nations of Europe still speak the 
tongue of Rome, in forms indeed which have 
parted off into independent languages, but which 
are none the less living witnesses of her abiding 
rule, as not only the conqueror but the civilizer of 
the Western lands. And among all the nations 
which speak her tongue, and among many to 
whom her tongue is strange, the city of the 
Caesars and the Pontiffs is still looked up to as 
their religious metropolis, though no longer 



38 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

their temporal capital. Let us look at the 
history of Rome and of her language. We 
may say of Rome, in a truer sense even 
than of Greece, that her sound has gone 
out into all lands, and her words unto the 
ends of the world. In the view of universal 
history, the century or two of its ' classic ' 
purity seem but as a moment in the long an- 
nals of the Imperial tongue. We might indeed 
be tempted to wipe out altogether the days of 
her 'classical' — that is, her imitative — literature, 
as a mere episode in the history of the undying 
speech of Rome. We might be tempted to say 
that the genuine literature of Italy went into 
a katabothra when the Cam cense wept over the 
tomb of Naevius, and came out again when the 
dominion of the stranger Muses had passed away, 
and when the inspiration of Prudentius and Am- 
brose was' drawn from sources at least not more 
foreign than the well of Helik6n. The old Sa- 
turnian echoes which sang how it was the evil 
fate of Rome which gave her the Metelli as her 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 39 

Consuls, ring out again in those new Saturnian 
rimes which sing the praises of Imperial 
Frederick and set forth the reforming policy 
of Earl Simon. The truly distinctive character 
of the Latin tongue was not stamped on it by 
its poets, not even by its historians and orators. 
The special business of Rome, as one of those 
poets told her, was to rule the nations ; not 
merely to conquer by her arms, but to govern 
by her abiding laws. Her truest and longest 
life is to be looked for, not in the triumphs 
of her Dictators, but in the edicts of her Praetors. 
The most truly original branch of Latin lite- 
rature is to be found in what some might 
perhaps deny to be part of literature at all, 
in the immediate records of her rule, in the 
text-books of her great lawyers, in the Itine- 
raries of her provinces, in the Notitia of her 
governments and offices. The true glory of the 
Latin tongue is to have become the eternal speech 
of law and dominion. It is the tongue of Rome's 
twofold sovereignty and of her twofold legisla- 



40 THE UNITY OF HISTORY, 

tion, the tongue of the Church and the Empire, 
the tongue of the successors of Augustus and 
of the successors of Saint Peter. It has been, 
wherever king or priest could wrap himself in 
any shred of her Imperial or her Pontifical 
mantle, the chosen speech alike of temporal 
and of religious rule. In the hymn of the Fratres 
Arvales, in the 'lex horrendi carminis' of the 
earliest recorded Roman formula, Ave get the 
beginnings of that long series of witnesses of 
her twofold rule, as alike the temporal and 
the spiritual mistress of the Western world. 
In the eyes of universal history the true 
triumphs of the Latin tongue are to be 
found in lands far away from the seven hills, 
and even from the shores of the Italian 
peninsula. The tongue of Rome, the tongue 
of Gaius and Ulpian rather than the tongue 
of Virgil and Horace, has become the tongue 
of the Code and the Capitularies, the tongue 
of the false Decretals and of the true 
Acts of Councils, the tongue of > Domesday 



THE UXITY OF HISTORY. 4 1 

and the Great Charter, the tongue of the 
Missal and the Breviary, the tongue which 
was for ages in Western eyes the very tongue 
of Scripture itself, the tongue in which all 
Western nations were content to record their 
laws and annals, the tongue for which all those 
nations which came within her immediate do- 
minion were content to cast away their native 
speech. It is this abiding and Imperial cha- 
racter of the speech of Rome, far more than 
even the greatest works of one or two short 
periods in its long life, which gives it a position 
in the history of the world which no other 
European tongue can share with it. But this 
its position in the history of the world can 
never be grasped except by those who look 
on the history of the world as one continuous 
whole. It is unintelligible to those who break 
up the unity of history by artificial barriers 
of ' ancient ' and ' modern.' Much that in a 
shallow view of things passes for mere imita- 
tion, for mere artificial revival, was in truth 



42 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

abiding and unbroken tradition. Of all the 
languages of the earth, Latin is the last to be 
spoken of as dead. It was but yesterday the 
universal speech of science and learning ; it is 
still the religious speech of half Western Europe; 
it is still the key to European history and 
law; and, if it is nowhere spoken in its ancient 
form, it still lives in the new forms into which 
It grew in the provinces which Rome civilized 
as well as conquered. It was a wise saying 
that the true scholar should know, not only 
whence words come, but whither they go. 
The history of the Latin language is imper- 
fect if it does not take in the history of the 
changes by which it grew into the tongue of 
Dante and Villani, into the tongues of the Pro- 
vencal Troubadour and the Castilian Campea- 
dor, and Into that later but once vigorous speech 
which gave us the rimes of Wace and the 
prose of Joinville, and which still lives in so 
many of the statutes and records and legal 
formulae of our own land. 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 43 

In truth, as the full meaning and greatness 
of the Roman history cannot be grasped without 
a full understanding of history as a whole, so 
the history of Rome is in itself the great ex- 
ample of the oneness of all history. The history 
of Rome is the history of the European world. 
It is in Rome that all the states of the earlier 
European world lose themselves; it is out of 
Rome that all the states of the later European 
world take their being. The true meaning of 
Roman history as a branch of universal history, 
or rather the absolute identity of Roman history 
with universal history, can only be fully under- 
stood by giving special attention to those ages of 
the history of Europe which are commonly most 
neglected. Men study what they call Greek 
and Roman history; they study again the his- 
tory of the modern kingdoms of England and 
France. But they end their Roman studies at 
the latest with the deposition of Augustulus; 
sometimes they do not carry them beyond Phar- 
salia and Phillppi. Their study of English 



44 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

history they begin at the point when Eng- 
land for a moment ceased to be England; 
their French studies they begin at some point 
which teaches them that the greatest of Ger- 
mans was a Frenchman. At all events, they 
begin both at some point which leaves an utter 
gap between their 'ancient' or 'classical' and 
their 'modern' studies. To understand history 
as a whole, to understand how truly all Euro- 
pean history is Roman history, we must see 
things, not only as they seem when looked at 
from Rome and Athens, from Paris and London, 
but as they seem when looked at from Constan- 
tinople, from Aachen, and from Ravenna. In that 
last-named wondrous city we stand as it were 
on the isthmus which joins two worlds, and 
there, amid Roman, Gothic, and Byzantine 
monuments, we feel, more than on any other 
spot of the earth's surface, what the history of 
the Roman Empire really was. It is in those 
days of the decline of the Roman power, which 
were in truth the days of its greatest conquests, 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 45 

that we see how truly great, how truly abiding, 
was the power of Rome. When we see how 
thoroughly the conquered Roman led captive 
his Teutonic conqueror, we see how firm was 
the work of Sulla and of Augustus, of Diocletian 
and of Constantine. We see it alike when Odo- 
acer and Theodoric shrink from assuming the 
title and ensigns of Imperial power, and when 
the Imperial crown of Rome is placed upon the 
head of the Prankish Charles. We see it in our own 
day as long as the cognomen of a Roman family, 
strangely changed into the official designation of 
Roman sovereignty, still remains the highest 
and most coveted of earthly titles. To know 
what Rome was, to feel how she looked in the 
eyes of other nations, it is not enough to read 
the hireling strains in which Horace sends the 
living consul and tribune to drink nectar among 
the gods, or those in which Virgil and Lucan 
bid him take care on what quarter of the uni- 
verse he seats himself. Let us rather see how 
Rome, in the days of her supposed decay, looked 



46 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

in the eyes of the men who overthrew her. Let 
us listen to the Goth Athanaric, when, over- 
whelmed by the splendour of the new Rome, he 
bears witness that the Emperor is a god upon 
earth, and that he. who dares to withstand him 
shall have his blood on his own head. Let 
us listen to Ataulf in the moment of his tri- 
umph, when he tells how he had once dreamed 
of sweeping away the Roman name, of putting 
the Goth in the place of the Roman, and Ataulf 
in the place of Augustus, but how he learned in 
later days that the world could not be governed 
save by the laws of Rome, and that the highest 
glory to which he now looked was to use the 
power of the Goth in defence of the Roman 
Commonwealth. And so her name and power 
lives on, witnessed to in the Imperial style of 
every prince, from Winchester to Trebizond, who 
deemed it his highest glory to deck himself in 
some shreds of her purple; witnessed to when 
her name passes on not only to her subjects, 
allies, and disciples, but to the destroyers of her 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 47 

power and faith ; when Timour, coming forth from 
his unknown Mongolian land, sends his defiance to 
the Ottoman Bajazet and addresses him by .the 
title of the Caesar of Rome. But it is not in 
mere names and titles that her dominion still 
lives. As long as the law of wellnigh every 
European nation but ourselves rests as its 
groundwork on the legislation of Servius and Jus- 
tinian, as long as the successor of the Leos and 
the Innocents, shorn of all earthly power, is 
still looked to by millions as holding their seat by 
a more than earthly right, it cannot be said that 
the power of Rome is a thing of days which are 
gone by, or that the history of her twofold rule 
is the history of a dominion which has wholly 
passed away. 

In tracing out the long history of the true 
middle ages, the ages when Roman and Teu- 
tonic elements stood as yet side by side, not yet 
mingled together into the whole which was to 
spring out of their union ; — in treading the spots 
which have witnessed the deeds of Roman 



48 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

Caesars and Teutonic Kings — many are the scenes 
Avhich we light upon which make us feel more 
strongly how truly all European history is one 
unbroken tale. There are moments when con- 
tending elements are brought together in a 
wondrous sort, when strangely mingled tongues 
and races and states of feeling meet as it were 
from distant lands and ages. I will choose but 
one out of many. Let us stand on the Akro- 
polis of Athens on a day in the early part 
of the eleventh century of our aera. A change 
has come since the days of Perikles and even 
since the days of Alaric. The voice of the 
orator is silent in the Pnyx ; the voice of the 
philosopher is silent in the Academy. Athene 
Promachos no longer guards her city with her 
uplifted spear, nor do men deem that, if the 
Goth should again draw nigh, her living form 
would again scare him from her walls. But her 
temple is still there, as yet untouched by the 
cannon of Turk and Venetian, as yet unspoiled 
by the hand of the Scottish plunderer. It 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 49 

Stands as holy as ever in the minds of men; 
it is hallowed to a worship of which Iktinos 
and Kallikrates never heard ; yet in some sort 
it keeps its ancient name and use : the House 
of the Virgin is the House of the Virgin still. 
The old altars, the old images, are swept away ; 
but altars unstained by blood have risen in their 
stead, and the walls of the cella blaze, like 
Saint Sophia and Saint Vital, with the painted 
forms of Hebrew patriarchs, Christian martyrs, 
and Roman Caesars. It is a day of triumph, 
not as when the walls were broken down to 
welcome a returning Olympic conqueror; not 
as when ransomed thousands pressed forth to 
hail the victors of Marathon, or when their 
servile offspring crowded to pay their impious 
homage to the descending godship of Demetrios. 
A conqueror comes to pay his worship within 
those ancient walls, an Emperor of the Romans 
comes to give thanks for the deliverance of his 
Empire in the Church of Saint Mary of Athens. 
Roman in title, Greek in speech — boasting of 
F. 4 



so 7 HE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

his descent from the Macedonian Alexander 
and from the Parthian Arsakes, but sprung 
in truth, so men whispered, from the same 
Slavonic stock which had given the Empire 
Justinian and Belisarius — fresh from his victories 
over a people Turanian in blood, Slavonic in 
speech, and delighting to deck their kings with 
the names of Hebrew prophets — Basil the 
Second, the slayer of the Bulgarians, the 
restorer of the Byzantine power, paying his 
thank-offerings to God and the Panagia in the 
old heathen temple of democratic Athens, 
seems as if he had gathered all the ages and 
nations of the world around him, to teach by 
the most pointed of contrasts that the history 
of no age or nation can be safely fenced off 
from the history of its fellows. Other scenes 
of the same class might easily be brought 
together, but this one, perhaps the most striking 
of all, is enough. I know of no nobler subject 
for a picture or a poem. 

We might carry out the same doctrine of 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 5 I 

the unity of history into many and various 
applications. I have as yet been speaking of 
branches of the study where its oneness takes 
the form of direct connexion, of long chains 
of events bound together in the direct rela- 
tion of cause and effect. There are other 
branches of history which proclaim the unity 
of the study in a hardly less striking way, 
in the form of mere analogy. Man is in truth 
ever the same; even when the direct suc- 
cession of cause and effect does not come in, 
we see that in times and places most remote 
from one another like events follow upon like - 
causes. European history forms one whole in 
the strictest sense, but between European and 
Asiatic history the connexion is only occa- 
sional and incidental. The fortunes of the 
Roman Empire had no effect on the internal 
revolutions of the Saracenic Caliphate, still less 
effect had they on the momentary dominion of 
the house of Jenghiz or on the Mogul Em- 
pire in India. Yet the way in which the 

4—2 



52 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

European Empire and its several kingdoms 
broke in pieces has its exact parallel in those 
distant Eastern monarchies. After all real do- 
minion in the West had passed away from the 
New Rome, Gothic and Frankish Kings bore 
themselves as lieutenants of the absent Em- 
peror. It was by Imperial commission that 
Ataulf conquered Spain and that Theodoric 
conquered Italy, and Odoacer, Hlodwig, and 
Theodoric himself, bore the titles of Consul 
and Patrician, no less than Boetius and Beli- 
sarius. So in later times we see the Duke of 
the French at Paris owning a nominal homage 
to the King of the Franks at Laon, and at the 
same time attacking, despoiling, leading about 
as a prisoner, the King whom he did not dare 
deprive of his royal title. We see Princes of 
Aquitaine and Toulouse so far vassals of 
the King of Laon as to date their charters 
by the years of his reign, but not caring to 
speak a word for or against their master in 
his struggle with their rebellious .fellow- vassal. 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 53 

We see in times far nearer to our own a 
Roman Emperor and King of Germany ad- 
dressed in terms of the lowliest homage, and 
served, as by his menial servants, by princes 
some of them mightier than himself, princes 
who never scrupled to draw the sword against 
a Lord of the World who, as such, held not a 
foot of the earth's surface. We see the paral- 
lels to this when the dominion of Jenghiz is 
split up into endless fragments which still re- 
member the name of their lawful sovereign. 
It is brought in all its fulness before our eyes 
when the Emir Timour, scrupulously forbearing 
to take on him any higher title, thus far respects 
the hereditary right of the Grand Khan who 
follows him as a single soldier in his army. 
We see it when every Moslem prince who had 
grasped any fragment of the old Saracenic 
Empire dutifully seeks investiture from the 
Caliph of his own sect ; when Bajazet the 
Thunderbolt stoops to receive his patent as 
Sultan from the trembling slave of the Egyp- 



54 THE UXITY OF HISTORY. 

tiaii Mamelukes, and when Selim the Inflexi- 
ble obtains from the last Abbasslde a formal 
cession of the rank and style of Commander 
of the Faithful. We see it in events which 
have more nearly touched ourselves. We see 
it in the history of our own dealings with the 
land where we won province after province from 
princes owning- a formal allegiance to the heir of 
Timour. We see it In the way in which we our- 
selves have dealt with the heir of Timour him- 
self, first as a pampered pensioner, lord only 
within the walls of his own palace, and at last 
as a criminal and a prisoner, sent to a harder 
exile than that of Glycerius in his bishoprick 
or of the last Merwing in his cloister. 

One word more. The fashion of the day, 
by a not unnatural reaction, seems to be turn- 
ing against ' ancient ' and ' classical ' learning 
altogether. We are asked, What is the use of 
learning languages which are ' dead ' t What is 
the use of studying the records of times which 
have for ever passed away? Men who call them- 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 55 

selves statesmen and historians are not ashamed 
to run up and down the land, spreading abroad, 
wherever such assertions will win them a cheer, 
the daring falsehood that such studies, and no 
others, form the sole business of our ancient 
Universities. They ask, in their pitiful shal- 
lowness. What is the use of poring over the 
history of ' petty states ' ? What is the use of 
studying battles in which so few men were 
killed as on the field of Marathon ? In this 
place I need not stop for a moment to answer 
such transparent fallacies. Still even such false- 
hoods and fallacies as these are signs of the 
times which we cannot afford to neglect. The 
answer is in our own hands. As long as we 
treat the language and the history of Greece 
and Rome as if they were something special 
and mysterious, something to be set apart 
from all other studies, something to be ap- 
proached and handled in some peculiar method 
of their own, we are playing into the hands 
of the enemy. As long as we have ' classical ' 



56 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

schools instead of general schools of language, 
as long as we have schools of ' modern ' history 
instead of general schools of history, as long 
as we in any way recognize the distinctions 
implied in the words 'classical' and 'ancient,* 
we are pleading guilty to the charge which is 
brought against us. We are acknowledging 
that, not indeed our whole attention, but a chief 
share of it, is given to subjects which do stand 
apart from ourselves, cut off from all bearing 
on the intellect and life of modern days. The 
answer to such charges is to break down the 
barrier, to forget, if we can, the whole line of 
thought implied in the distinctions of 'ancient,' 
' classical,' and ' modern, ' to proclaim boldly 
that no languages are more truly living than 
those which are falsely called dead, that no 
portions of history are more truly ' modern ' 
— that is, more full of practical lessons for 
our own political and social state — than the 
history of the times which in mere physical 
distance we look upon as ' ancient.' If men ask 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. S7 

whether French and German are not more 
useful languages than Latin and Greek, let us 
answer that, as a direct matter of parentage 
and birth, it is an imperfect knowledge of 
French which takes no heed to the steps by 
which it grew out of Latin, and that it is 
an imperfect knowledge of Latin which takes 
no heed to the steps by which it grew into 
French. Let us answer again, not as a matter of 
parentage and birth, but as a matter of analogy 
and kindred, that it is an imperfect knowledge 
of German which takes no heed to the kindred 
phaenomena of Greek, and that it is an imperfect 
knowledge of Greek which takes no heed to the 
kindred phaenomena of German. If they ask 
what is the use of studying the histories of petty 
states, let us answer that moral and intellectual 
greatness is not always measured by physical 
bigness, that the smallness of a state of itself 
heightens and quickens the power of its citizens, 
and makes the history of a small commonwealth 
a more instructive lesson in politics than the 



58 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 

history of a huge empire. If we are asked what 
is the use of studying the events and institutions 
of times so far removed from our own, let us 
answer that distance is not to be measured simply 
by lapse of time, and that those ages which gave 
birth to literature, and art, and political freedom 
are, sometimes only by analogy and indirect 
influence, sometimes by actual cause and effect, 
not distant, but very near to us indeed. Let us 
give to the history and literature of Greece and 
Rome in their chosen periods their due place in 
the history of mankind, but not more than their 
due place. Let us look on the 'ancients,' the 
men of Plutarch, the men of Homer, not as 
beings of another race, but as men of like 
passions with ourselves, as elder brethren of 
our common Aryan household. In this way 
we can make answer to gainsayers ; in this 
way we can convince the unlearned and un- 
beheving that our studies are not vain gropings 
into what is dead and gone. Let us carry about 
with us the thought that the tongue which we 



THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 59 

still speak is in truth one with the tongue of 
Homer; that the Ekklesia of Athens, the Comitia 
of Rome, and the Parliament of England, are 
all offshoots from one common stock; that 
Kleisthenes, Licinius, and Simon of Montfort 
were fellow-workers in one common cause — let 
all this be to us a living thought as we read the 
records either of the earlier or of the later time — 
and we shall find that the studies of our youth- 
ful days will still keep an honoured place among 
the studies of later life, that the heroes of ancient 
legend, the worthies of ancient history, lose not, 
but rather gain, in true dignity by being made 
the objects of a reasonable homage instead of an 
exclusive superstition. 



CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 



THE HISTORY OF THE 

NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND, 
ITS CAUSES AND ITS RESULTS, 

BY 

EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. 



Vols. I. and IL New Edition. 8vo, 36^. 

Vol. III. The Reign of Harold and the Interregnum. 8vo.' 

2 1 J. 
Vol. IV. The Reign of William the Conqueror. 8vo. 21^. 

"Extensive reading, unwearying industry, apt powers of con- 
densation and critical discernment, leave their impress in happy 
combination upon its pages ; forming altogether what is at once 
a most pleasing work, and a singularly valuable contribution to 
the early history of this country." — AthetKEwn. 

"This volume (Vol. IIL) places Mr Freeman among the 
first of living historians. The powers which he displayed before, 
he has displayed here in a yet higher and more masterly way. 
In the whole range of English history, we know of no nobler 
record of a year than this,— a record as varied and as picturesque 
in the telling as it is noble in the tone." — Saturday Review. 

" It is long since an English scholar has produced a work of 
which England may be more justly proud. With all the labo- 
rious erudition of Germany, Mr Freeman has a force and fire 
which, among German scholars, learning is too often found to 
quench ; with all the clearness and precision of a Frenchman, 
he has the soundness of judgment and diligent accuracy in in- 
vestigation, whose importance the brilliant stylists of France are 
apt to overlook." — British Quarterly Review. 



OXFORD: 

Printed at the Clarendon Press, and published by Macmillan 
and Co,, London, Publishers to the University, 



WORKS 

BY 

EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. 

Just Published in Crown Svo. Price $s. 

The Growth of the English Constitution 

from the earliest times. 

Historical Essays, Second Edition. 8vo. 

loj. 6d. 

Contents: — The Mythical and Romantic Elements in Early 
English History — The Continuity of English History — The Re- 
lations between the Crowns of England and Scotland — St Thomas 
of Canterbury and his Biographers— The Reign of Edward III. 
— The Holy Roman Empire — The Franks and the Gauls — The 
Early Sieges of Paris — Frederick I., King of Italy — The Em- 
peror Frederick II. — Charles the Bold — Presidential Govern- 
ment. 

Old English History, 

Second Edition, revised, with Five Coloured Maps. Extra 
fcap. 8vo. 6j. 

History of the Cathedral Church of Wells , 

as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the 
Old Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3J. 6d. 

The History of Federal Government from 

the Foundation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of 
the United States. Vol. I. General Introduction. History 
of Greek Federations. 8vo. 11s, 

MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON. 



Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London, 
ApjHl, 1872. 



Macmillan &• Co:s Catalogue of Works 
in the Departments of History^ Biography^ 
and Travels ; Politics^ Political and Social 
Economy, Law, etc; and Works connected 
with Language. With some sho7^t Accotmt 
or Critical Notice concerning each Book. 

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, and TRAVELS. 

Baker (Sir Samuel W.)— Works by Sir Samuel Baker 
M.A., F.R.G.S.:— 

THE ALBERT N'YANZA Great Basin of the Nile, and Explora- 
tion of the Nile Sources. New and Cheaper Edition. Maps and 
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6j. 
^^ Bruce won the source of the Blue Nile ; Speke and Grant won the 
Victoria source of the great White Nile ; and I have been perinitted to 
succeed in completing the Nile Sources by the discovery of the great 
reservoir of the equatorial waters, the Albert N''yanza, from which the 
river issues as the entire White Niley — Preface. '^ As a Macaulay 
arose among the historians,''^ says the Reader, "so a Baker has arisen 
among the explorer's.'''' " Charmingly written;'''' says the Spectator, 
"full, as might be expected, of incident, and free from that wearisome 
reiteration of useless facts which is the drazuback to almost all books oj 
African travel." 

THE NILE TRIBUTARIES OF ABYSSINIA, and the Sword 
Hunters of the Hamran Arabs. With Maps and Illustrations. 
Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
A. 2. A 

10.000.4.72. 



z\ MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

Sir Samuel Baker here describes twelve mojiths' exploration, during 
which he exa?nined. the rivers that are tributary to the Nile from Abyssinia, 
including the Atbara, Settite, Roy an, Salaain, Angrab, Rahad, Binder, 
and the Blue Nile. The interest attached to these portions of Africa differs 
entirely from that of the White Nile regions, as the -whole of Upper Egypt 
and Abyssinia is capable of droelopjnent, and is inhabited by races having 
some degree of civilization; while Central Africa is peopled by a race of 
savages, ivhose future is more problematical. The Times says : ^' It solves 
finally a geographical riddle which hitherto had been extremely perplexing, 
and it adds ??iuch to our information respecting Egyptian Abyssinia and 
the differejit races that spread over it. It contains, moreovej', sotne 7wtable 
instances of English daring and enterprising skill ; it abounds in ani- 
mated tales of exploits dear to the heart of the British sportsman ; and it 
will attract even the least studious reader, as the author tells a story well, 
and cati describe nature zvith uncommon power. " . > , 

Barante (M. De). — ^£'c?Guizot, 

Baring-Gould (Rev. S., M. A.)— LEGENDS OF OLD 

TESTAMENT CHARACTERS, from tlie Talmud and other 
sources. By the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Author «f 
" Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," " The Origin and Develop- 
ment of Rehgious Belief," " In Exitu Israel," &c. In Two Vols. 
Crown 8vo. i6>r. Vol. I. Adam to Abraham. Vol. II. Mel- 
chizedek to Zechariah. 

Mr. Baring- Gould's p7'evious' contributions to the History of Mythology 
atid the forjnation of a science of comparative religion are admitted to he 
of high importance ; the present work, it is believed, will be found to 
be of equal value. He has collected from the Talmud and other sources, 
Jewish and Moha^nmedan, a large rmmber of curious and ititeresting 
legends concerning the principal characters of the Old Testament, com- 
paring these frequently with similar legends cttrrent among many of the 
peoples, savage and civilized, all crder the world. " These volumes contain 
much that is veiy strange, and, to the ordinary English reader, very 
novel."— Bai-ly Neavs. 

Barker (Lady). — See also Belles Lettres Catalogue, 

STATION LIFE IN NEW ZEALAND. By Lady Barker 
Second and Cheaper Edition. Globe 8vo. 3^. 6d. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 



These letters are the exact account of a ladys experience of the brighter 
and less practical side of colonization. They record the expeditions^ ad- 
ventures, and emergencies diversifying the daily life of the wife of a New 
Zealand sheep farmer ; and, as each was written while the novelty and 
excitement of the scenes it describes were fresh upon her^ they may succeed 
in giving here in England aii adequate iinpression of the delight and free- 
dom of an existence so far removed from our oivn highly -wrought civiliza- 
tion. " We have 7iever read a more truthful or a pleasanter little book.^^ — - 
Athen^UM. 

Bernard, St. — See Morison, 

Blanford (W. T.)— GEOLOGY and zoology of 

ABYSSINIA. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. 21s. 

This tvork contains an account of the Geological and Zoological 
Observations made by the author in Abyssinia, when accompanying the 
British Army on its march to' Magdala and back in 1868, and dtiring a 
short journey in Northern Abyssinia, after the departtire of the trodps. 
Parti. Personal Narrative; Part I L Geology; Part III. Zoology. 
With Coloured Illustrations and Geological Map. ^^ The result of his 
labours," the ACADEMY says, "is an important contribution to the 
natural history of the country." 

Bryce.— THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. By James Bryce, 
D.C.L,, Regius Professor of Civil Law, Oxford. New and Re- 
vised Edition. Crown 8vo. *js. 6d. 

The object of this treatise is not so much to give a narrative history'^of 
the cozintries included in the Romano- Germanic Empire — Italy during the 
Middle Ages, Germany from theninth century to the nineteenth — as to describe 
the Holy Empire itself as an institution or system, the zvonderful offspring 
of a body of beliefs and traditiojts zvhich have almost wholly passed away 
from the ivorld. To make such a description intelligible it has appeared 
best to give the book the form rather of a narrative than of a dissertation ; 
and to combine with an exposition of what may be called the theory of the 
Empire an outline oj the political history of Germany, as well as some 
notice of the affairs of mediceval Italy. Nothing else so directly linked the 
old world to the nezv as the Roman Empire, zvhich exercised over the minds of 
men an influence such as its material strength could never have commanded. 
It is of this influence, and the catises that gave it potver, that the present 
zuork is designed to treat. "It exactly supplies a want ; it affords a key 

A 2 



4 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

to much zvhich men read of in their books as isolated facts, but of which they 
have hithe^'to had no connected exposition set befoi'e them. We know of no 
writer zvho has so thoroughly grasped the real nattire of the mediceval 
Empire, and its relations alike to earlier and to later tif?ies.^^ — Saturday 
Review. 

Burke (Edmund).— ^--f^MoRLEY (John). ' 

Cameos from English History ^<f^ Yonge (Miss). ', 

Chatterton. — 5^-^ Wilson (Daniel). 

Cooper. — ATHEN.E CANTABRIGIENSES. By Charles 
Henry Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. 
Vol. T. 8vo., 1500—85, i8j. ; Vol. II., 1586— 1609, i8j. 

This elaborate work, which is dedicated by permission to Lord Macaulay , 
contains lives of the emiiunt me7i sent forth by Cambridge, after the 
fashion of Anthony a Wood, in his famous ^^ AthencB Oxoni^Jtses" 

Cox (G. v., M. A.)— -RECOLLECTIONS OF OXFORD. 
By G. V. Cox, M.A., New College, late Esquire Bedel and 
Coroner in the University of Oxford. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 

'■'■ A}i avmsing farrago of anecdote, and will pleasantly recall in m,any 
a country parsonage the memory of youthful days." — Times. " Those 
who wish to make acquaintance with the Oxford of their grandfathers, 
and to keep up the intercourse with Alma Mater du7- if ig their father' s time, 
even to the latest novelties in fashion or learning of the present day, will do 
well to procure this pleasant, ^inpretending little volume.'''' — ATLAS. 

'* Daily News."— the daily news CORRESPOND- 
ENCE of the War between Germany and France, 1870 — i. Edited 
with Notes and Comments. New Edition. Complete in One 
Volume. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. ds. 

This Correspondence has been translated into German. In a Preface 
the Editor says: — 

^^ Among the various pictures, recitals, ajtd descriptions which have 
appeared, both of our gloriously ended national war as a whole, and of its 
scve?-al episodes, we think that in laying before the Gej'tnan public, through 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &■> TRAVELS. 5 

a translation, the following War Letters which appeared first in the Daily 
News, and were afterwards published collectively, we are offering them a 
picture of the events of the war of a quite peculiar character. Their com - 
munications have the advantage of being at once entertaining and instruc- 
tive, free from every romantic embellishment, and nevertheless written 
in a vein intelligible and not fatiguing to the general reader. The writers 
linger over events, and do not disdain to surround the great and heroic 
war-pictures with arabesques, gay and grave, taken frovi camp-life and 
the life of the inhabitants of the occupied territory. A feature which 
distinguishes these Letters from all other delineations of the zvaris that they 
do not proceed from a single pen, but were written Jrom the camps of both 
belligerents.'''' " These notes and comments^^ according to the SATURDAY 
Review, " are in reality a veiy well executed and continuous history.'''' 

Dilke. — GREATER BRITAIN. A Record of Travel in English- 
speaking Countries during 1866-7. (America, Australia, India.) 
By Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, M.P. Fifth Edition, 
Crown 8vo. 6j. 

" Mr. Dilke,'' says the Saturday Review, ''has written a book which 
is probably as well worth reading as any book of the same aims and 
character that ever was writtett. Its merits are that it is written in a 
lively and agreeable style, that it implies a great deal oj physical pluck, 
that no page of it fails to show an acute and highly httelligent observer, 
that it stimulates the hnagination as well as the judgment of the reader, 
and that^ it is on perhaps the most interesting subject that can attract an 
Englishman who cares about his country.'''' '' Many of the subjects dis- 
cussed iti these pages ^'' says the Daily News, "are of the widest ititerest, 
and such as no man who cares for the future of his race and of the world 
can afford to treat with indifference. " 

Diirer (Albrecht).— ^-^-^ Heaton (Mrs. c.) 

European History, Narrated in a Series of Historical 
Selections from the best Authorities. Edited and arranged by 
E. M. Sewell and C. M. Yonge. First Series, crown 8vo. ds. ; 
Second Series, 1088- 1228, crown 8vo. 6j. 

When young children have acquired the outlines of history from abridg- 
ments and catechisms, and it becomes desirable to give a more enlarged 
view of the subject, in order to render it really useful and interesting, a 



6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

difficulty often arises as to the choice of books. Two courses are open, either 
10 take a geiieral and consequently dry history of facts, such as RusselPs 
Modern Europe, or to choose some work treating of a particular period or 
subject, such as the wo7'ks of Macaulay and Froude. The former course 
usually renders history uninteresting ; the lattei' is unsatisfactory, because 
it is not sitfficiently comprehensive. To remedy this difficulty, selections, 
cojitinuous and chronological, have in the present volume beett taken from 
the larger works oj Freetnan, Milman, Palgrave, Lingard, Hume, and 
others, which may serve as distinct landjnarks of historical reading, 
" We know of scarcely anything,'' says the Guardian, of this volume, 
" luhich is so likely to raise to a higher level the avei'agejtandard of English 
education.'" 

Fairfax (Lord).— a life of the great lord fair- 
fax, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Parliament of 
England. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A. With Portraits, 
Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. i6s. 

No full Life of the great Parliamentary Commander has appeared ; 
■and it is here sought to produce one — based upon caj'eful research in con- 
temporary records and upon family and other documents. " Highly 
usefid to the careful student of the History of the Civil War. . . . Pro- 
bably as a military chronicle Mr. Markhai7i's book is one of the most full 
■and accurate that we possess about the Civil War."" — Fortnightly 
Review. 

Field (E. W^.)— 5^^ Sadler. 

Freeman. — Works by Edward A. Freeman, M.A., D.C.L. 

^^ That special pozver over a suhfect which conscientious and patient 
research can only achieve, a strong grasp of facts, a true mastery over 
detail, with a clear and manly style — all these qualities foin to make 
the Historian of the Co7iquest conspicuous in the intellectual arena." — 
Academy. 

HISTORY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, from the Foun- 
dation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the United 
States. Vol. I. General Introduction. History of the Greek 
Federations. 8vo. 21s. 
Mr. Freemai^s aif?i, in this elaborate and valuable work, is not so 
much to discuss the abstract nature of Federal Government, as to exhibit 
its actual working in ages and countries widely removed from one another. 
Four Federal Commotiwealths stand cut, in four di^ereiit ages of thetvorld, 
as commanding above all others the attention of students of political history, 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &-> TRAVELS. 7 

viz. the Achaian League^ the Siviss Cantons, the United Provinces, the 
United States. The first volume, besides containing a General Introduc- 
tion, treats of the first of these. In writing this volume the author has 
endeavoured to combine a text which may be instructive and interesting to 
any thoughtful reader, luhether specially learned or not, with notes zvhich 
may satisfy the requirements of the most exacting scholar. " The task 
Mr. Freeman has tmdertaken,'" the Saturday Review says, * ' is one 
of great magnitttde and i7riportance. It is also a task of an almost 
entirely novel character. No other work professing to give the history of 
a political principle occtcrs to tts, except the slight contributions to the 
history of representative government that is contained in a course op 
M. Guizot' s lectures . . . . The history of the droelopjrient of a principle 
is at least as ijuportant as the history of a dynasty, or of a race.^' ^ 

OLD ENGLISH HISTORY. With Five allowed Maps. Second 
Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo., half-bound. 6s. 

^^ Its object,^' the Preface says, "is to show that clear, accurate, and. 
scientific views of history, or indeed of any subject, may be easily given to 
children f^om the very first. . . . I have throughout st7'iv en to connect the 
history of England with the general history of civilized Europe, and I have 
especially tried to make the book serve as an incentive to a more accurate 
study of historic geography. " The rapid sale of the first edition and the 
universal approval luith %vhich the work has been received prove the correct- 
ness of the author'' s notions, and show that for such a book there was ample 
room. The work is suited not only for children, but will serve as an ex- 
cellent text-book for older stude7its, a clear and faithjiil stimmary of the 
history of the period for those who wish to revive their histoiical know- 
ledge, and a book full of charms for the genei'al reader. The work is 
preceded by a complete chronological Tahle, and appended is an exhaustive 
and useful Ptdex. It the present edition the whole has been carefully revised, 
and such improvements as suggested themselves have been introduced. 
" The book indeed is full of instructioji and interest to studejtts of all 
ages, and he must be a well-informed man indeed who will not rise from 
its perusal with clearer and more accurate ideas of a too much neglected 
portion of English history.'''' — Spectator. 

HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WELLS, 
as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the Old 
Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3J-. 6^. 



8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



Freeman (E. A.) — continued. 

' I have here,'" the author says, ^^ tried to treat the history of the 
Church of Wells as a contrihutio7i to the general history of the Church 
and Kingdom of England, and specially to the history of Cathedral 
Churches of the Old Foundation. . . . I wish to point out the genej-al 
principles of the original founders as the model to which the Old Fojm- 
dations should be brought back, and the New Foundations reformed afta- 
their patter jt.^' " The history assumes in Mr. Freeman! s hands a signi- 
ficance, and, 7ve may add, a practical value as suggestive of what a cathe- 
dral ought to he, which ??iake it well zvorthy of mention.'''' — Spectator. 

HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Second Edition. 8vo. los. 6d 

The p'inciple on xvhich these Essays have been chosen is that 
of selecting papers ivhich refer to comparatively modern times, or, at 
least, to the existing states and nations of Europe. By a sort of accident 
a number of the pieces chosen have thrown themselves into something like 
a continuous series bearing on the historical causes of the great events oj 
1870 — 71. Notes have been added whenever they seemed to be called for ; 
and whenever he could gain in accuracy of statement or in force or clear- 
ness of expression, the author has freely changed, added to, or left out, 
what he originally wrote. To many of the Essays has been added a short 
note of the circumstances under which they were written. It is needless to 
say that ajiy pi'oduct of Mr. Freeman! s pen is worthy of attentive perusal : 
and it is believed that the contents of this volume will throw light on 
serjeral subjects of great historical importance and the zaidest interest. 
The following is a list op the subjects: — I. The Mythical and Romantic 
Eleinents in Early English History ; 2. The Continuity of English 
Hisiojy ; 3. The Relations between the Crowns of E7igland and Scotlajid : 
4. Saint Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers ; 5. The Reign 0/ 
Edzvard the Third ; (>. The Holy Romaji Empire ; 7. The Franks and 
the Gauls ; %. The Early Sieges of Paris ; 9. Frederick the First, King 
of Italy ; lO. The Etnperor Frederick the Second ; ii. Charles the Bold : 
1 2. Presidential Government. ' ' He never touches a question without 
adding to our comprehension of it, without leazdng the impression of an 
ample knoiuledge, a righteous purpose, a clear and powerful tuidcr- 
standing.''—S ATVRBAY Review. 

THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION FRO^r 
THE EARLIEST TIMES. In the press. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &> TRAVELS. 9 

Galileo.— THE PRIVATE LIFE OF GALILEO. Compiled 
principally from his Correspondence and that of his eldest 
daughter^ Sister Maria Celeste, Nun in the Franciscan Convent of 
S. Matthew in Arcetri. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. 

It has been the endeavour of the compiler to place before the reader a 
plain, ungarbled statement of facts ; and, as a means to this end, to allow 
Galileo, his friends, and his judges to speak for themselves as far as possible. 
All the best authorities have been made use of, and all the juaterials which 
exist f 07 a biography have been in this voluirie put into a symmetrical fo7'jn . 
The result is a most touching picture skilfully ari'anged of the great heroic 
man of science and his devoted daughter, whose letters are full of the deepest 
reverential love and trust, amply repaid by the noble soul. The Satur- 
day Review says of the book, ^^ It is not so much the philosopher as the 
man who is seen in this simple and life-like sketch, and the hand zuhich 
portrays the features and actions is mainly that of one who had studied the 
subject the closest and the most intimately. This little volume has done 
much within its slender compass to prove the depth and tenderitess of 
Galileo's heart. ^'' 

Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E., M.P.)— juVENTUS 

MUNDI. The Gods and Men of the Heroic Age. Crown 8vo. 
cloth. With Map. io.r. 6d. Second Edition. 

This work of Mr. Gladstone deals especially with the historic element 
in Homer, expounding that element and furnishing by its aid a full 
account of the Homeric men and the Homeric religion. It starts, after 
the introductory chapter, with a discussion of the several races then existing 
in Hellas, including the influence of the Phcenicians and Egyptians. It 
contains chapters on the Olympian system, with its several deities ; on the 
Ethics and the Polity of the Heroic age; on the Geography of Homer ; on 
the characters of the Poems ; presenting, in fine, a view of pritnitive life 
and primitive society as found in the poems of Homer. To this New 
Edition various additions have been made. ^^ Seldom,'''' says the Ktws.- 
NiEUM, '■''out of the great poems themselves, have these Divinities looked 
so majestic and respectable. To read these brilliant details is like standing 
on the Olympian threshold and gazing at the ineffable brightness within.'''' 
'• There is^^ according to M^- WESTMINSTER Review, ^''probably no other 
writer now living who could have done the work of this book. . . It would 
be diffictdt to point out a book that contains so much fulness of knowledge 
along with so much freshness of perception and clearness of presentation.''^ 



lo MACMILLAJSrs CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

Guizot. — M. DE BARANTE, a Memoir, Biographical and Auto- 
biographical. By M. Guizot. Translated by the Author of 
"John Halifax, Gentleman." Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 

" It is scarcely necessary to write a preface to this book. Its lifelike, 
portrait of a trite and great man, painted unconsciously by Jiijnself in his 
letters and autobiography, and retouched and co?npleted by the tender hand 
of his surviving friend — the friend of a lifetime — is sure, I think, to be 
appreciated in Englatid as it zvas in France, where it appeared in the 
Revue de Deux Mondes. Also,'' I believe every thoughtful mind will 
enjoy its clear reflections of French and European politics and history for 
the last seventy years, and the curious light thus thrown upon many present 
events and co?nbinations of circumstances." — PREFACE, " The highest 
pmposes of both history and biography are answered by a memoir so life- 
like, so faithful, and so philosophical.^^ — BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW. 
". This eloquent memoir, which for tenderness, gracefulness, and vigour, 
might be placed on the same shelf with Tacitus' Life of Agricola, . . . Mrs.. 
Craik has rendered the language of Guizot in her own sweet translucent 
English.'' — Daily News. 

Heaton (Mrs. C.) — history OF THE LIFE OF AL- 
BRECHT DURER, of Niirnberg. With a Translation of his 
Letters and Journal, and some account of his Works. By Mrs. 
Charles Heaton. Royal 8vo. bevelled boards, extra gilt. 31^.6^. 

This work contains about Thirty Illustrations, ten of which are produc- 
tions by the Autotype {carbon) process, and are pritited in pe7'7nanent tints 
by Messrs. Cundall and Fle7ning, under licence from the Autotype Co?n- 
pany, Limited; the rest are Photographs and Woodcuts. 

Hole o— A GENEALOGICAL STEMMA OF THE KINGS 
OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By the Rev. C. Hole, 
M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge. On Sheet, I.;. 
The different families are printed in distinguishing colours, thus facili- 
tating reference. 

Hozier (H. M.) — w^orks by Captain Henry M. Hozier, 
late Assistant Military Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala. 

THE SEVEN WEEKS' WAR; Its Antecedents and Incidents. 
New and Cheaper Edition. With New Preface, Maps, and Plans. 
Crown 8vo. 6^. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. ii 



Hosier (H. M.) — continued. 

This account of the brief but momentous Austro- Prussian War of 1866 
claims consideration as being the product of an eye-witness of some of its 
most interesting incidents. The author has attempted to ascertain and 
to adva7ice facts. Two maps are given, one illustrating the opera- 
tions of the Army of the Maine, and the other the operations from 
Kdnigg7'dtz. In the Prefatory Chapter to this edition, events resulting 
from the war of 1866 are set forth, and the current of European history 
traced down to the recent Franc o-Prtissian zuar, a natural consequence 
of the war xvhose history is narrated in this volume. ^^ Mr. Hozier 
added to the hioxoledge of military operations and of languages, which 
he had proved himself to possess, a ready and skilful pen, and ex- 
cellent faculties of observation and description. . , . All that Mr. 
Hozier saw of the great events of the war — aMd he saw a large share 
of them — he describes in clear and vivid language.''^ — Saturday 
Review. ^^ Mr. Hozier' s volumes deserve to take a permanent place 
in the literature of the Seven Weeks' War."" — Pall Mall Gazette. 

THE BRITISH EXPEDITION TO ABYSSINIA. Compiled from 
Authentic Documents. 8vo. 91. 

Several accounts of the British Expedition have been published. 
They have, however, been written by those who have not had access to those 
authentic documents, zvhich cannot be collected directly after the termiization 
of a campaign. The eiideavour of the author of this sketch has been to 
present to readers a succinct and impartial account of an enterprise which 
has rarely been equalled in the annals of war. " This" says the 
Spectator, '■'■ xvill be the account of the Abyssinian Expedition for 
professional reference^ if not for professional reading. Its literary 
-merits are really very great. " 

THE INVASIONS OF ENGLAND. A History of the Past, with 
Lessons for the Future. In the press. 

Huyshe (Captain G. L.)— THE RED RIVER EXPE- 
DITION. By Captain G. L.- Huyshe, Rifle Brigade, late on 
the Staff of Colonel Sir Garnet Wolseley. With Maps. 8vo. 
IOJ-. 6^. 

This account has been written in the hope of directing attention 
to the successful acco7nplishment of an expedition which was attended with 
moi'-e than ordinary difficulties. The author has had access to the official 



12 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



documents of the Expedition, and has also availed hijnself of the 7-eports on 
the line of route published by Mr. Dawson, C.E., and by the Typogra- 
phical Departtnent of the War Office. The statements fuade may therefore 
be relied on as accitrate and impartial. The erideavour has been made to 
avoid tiring the geno'al 7'eader with dry details of military movefnents, and 
yet not to sacrifice the character of the work as an account of a ??iilitary 
expedition. The volume contaijts a portrait of President Louis Riel, and 
Maps of the route. 77^^ Athen^UM calls it ^^ an enduring authentic 
record of one of the most creditable achievements ever acco7nplished by the 
British A7'my.'" 

Irving.— THE ANNALS OF OUR TIME. A Diurnal of Events, 
Social and Political, Home and Foreign, from the Accession of 
Queen Victoria to the Peace of Versailles. By Joseph Irving. 
Second Edition. 8vo. half-bound, ids. 

Every occurrence, metropolitan or provincial, home or foreign, which 
gave rise to public excitement or discussion, or becajne the starting poiiit for 
new trains ofthoiight affecting our social life, has been judged proper matter 
for this volume. Li the proceedings of Parliament, an endeavour has 
beeft made to notice all those Debates which were either remarkable as 
affecting the fate of parties^ or led to important chajtges in our 7'elations 
tvith Foreign Powers. Brief notices have been given of the death of all 
noteworthy perso7ts. Though the eve7its are set dow7i day by day i7i their 
order of occu7-re7tce, the book is, i7t its way, the history of a7t itnportant 
a7id well-defined historic cycle. hi these '' A7i7ials,^ the 07'dina7y reader 
may 77iake hi77iself acquainted [with the history of his ow7i ti7ne in a way 
that has at least the 77ierit of si77iplicity a7id readiness ; the more cultivated 
stude7tt will doubtless be thankful for the epp07'tu7iity give7t him of passi7ig 
dow7i the historic stream undistu7'bed by any other theoretical or pa7'ty 
feeli7tg tha7i what he hi77iself has at hand to explain the philosophy of our 
7iatio7ial story. A co77iplete and useful htdex is appetided. The Table 
of Ad7ni7iist7'atio7is is desig7ied to assist the reader in follozuing the va7-ious 
political cha7iges 7ioticed in their chronological order in the ^Annals,'' — 
/« the 7iew edition all er7'ors a7td 077iissio7is have been rectified, 300 pages 
been added, a7td as many as 46 occupied by an impartial exhibitio7i of the 
iuo7ide)ful series of rvents markitig the latter half of 1870. " IVc 
have before us a trusty and ready guide to the events of the past thirty 
years, available equally for the statesman, the politicia7t, the public 
writer, and the general reader. If Mr. Irving' s object has bee7t to bring 
before the reader all the most 7totezvo7'thy occurre7ices which have happened 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 13 

since the beginning of her Majesty's reign, he may justly claijn the credit 
of having done so 7nost briefly, succinctly, and simply, and in such a 
manner, too, as to furnish him "with the details necessary in each case to 
comprehend the event of which he is in search in an intelligent manner.'''' 
—Times. 

Kingsiey (Canon). — Works by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, 
M.A., Rector of Eversley and Canon of Chester. (For other 
Works by the same Author, see Theological and Belles 
Lettres Catalogues.) 

ON THE ANCIEN REGIME as it existed on the Continent before 
the French Revolution. Three Lectures delivered at the 
Royal Institution. Crown 8vo. ds. 

These three lectures discuss severally (i) Caste, (2) Centralization, (3) 
The Explosive Forces by which the Revolution was superindziced. The 
Preface deals at some length with certain political questions of the present 
day. 

AT LAST : A CHRISTMAS in the WEST INDIES. With nearly 
Fifty Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 
loj. dd. 

Mr. Kingsley' s dream of forty years was at last fodfilled, when he 
started on a Christmas expedition to the West Indies, for the purpose of 
becoming personally acquainted zvith the scenes which he has so vividly 
described in " Westward Ho /" These two volumes are the journal of his 
voyage. Records of natural history, sketches of tropical landscape, chapters 
on education, views of society, all find their place in a 7vork zuritten, so to 
say, under the inspiration of Sir Walter Raleigh and the other adventurous 
men who three hundred years ago disputed against Philip II. the possession 
of the Spanish Main. " We can only say that Mr. Kingsley'' s account of 
a ' Christmas in the West Indies ' is in every way wo?-thy to be classed 
mnong his happiest productions.^'' — STANDARD. 

THE ROMAN AND THE TEUTON. A Series of Lectures 
delivered before the University of Cambridge. 8vo. \2s. 

Contents: — Inaugural Lectttre ; The Forest Children; The Dying 
Empire; The Human Deluge ; The Gothic Civilizer ; Dietriches End; The 
Nemesis of the Goths ; Pauhis Diaconus ; The Clergy and the Heathen ; 
The Monk a Civilizer ; The Lombard Laws ; The Popes and the Lombards ; 



14 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



The Strategy of Providence. "He has nmdered,'' says the NONCON- 
FORMIST, '''■ good service and shed a ne^o lustre on the chair of Modern 
History at Cambridge .... He has thro7vn a charm around the tvork 
by the marvellous fascinations of his own genius, brought out in strong 
reiief those great principles of which all history is a revelation, lighted 
up many dark a?id almost tinkno%v?i spots, and stijnidated the desire to 
understand more thoroughly one of the greatest movements in the story of 
humanity.''' 

Kingsley (Henry, F.R.G.S.) — For other Works by same 
Author, see Belles Lettres Catalogue. 

TALES OF OLD TRAVEL. Re-narrated by Henry Kingsley, 
F.R.G.S. With Eight Illustrations by Huard. Third Edition. 
Crown 8vo. 6j. 

In this volume Mr. Henry Kingsley re-narrates, at the sa7ne time 
preserving much of the quaintness of the original, some of the most fasci- 
nating tales of travel contahied in the collections of HaUuyt and others. The 
Contents fl-r^ — Marco Polo; The Ship-wreck of Pelsart ; The Wonderful 
Adventures of Andrew Battel; The WandeHngs of a Captichinj Peter 
Carder; The Presej'vaiion of the " Terra Nova ;"" Spitzbeigen; D'Erme- 
7to7ivilli s Acclimatization Adventure; The Old Slave Trade; Miles Philips ; 
The Sufferings of Robert Everard ; John Fox ; Alvaro Nunez; The Foun- 
dation of an Empire. '' We knctv no better bosk for those who 7uant 
knowledge or seek to refresh it. As for the ^sensational,' most novels are 
taf?ie compared with these narratives.^' — Athen^UM. ''Exactly the 
book to interest and to do good to intelligent and Mgh-spinted boys.''' — 
Literary Churchman. 

Macmillan (Rev. Hugh). — For other Works by same Author, 
see Theological and Scientific Catalogues. 

HOLIDAYS ON HIGH LANDS ; or, Rambles and Incidents in 
search of Alpine Plants. CroAvn 8vo. cloth. 6s. 

The aim of this book is to impart a generalidea of the origin, character, 
and distribution of those rare and beautiful Alpine plants which occur on 
the British hills, and which are found almost evei'ynvhcre on the lofty 
mountain chai}ts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The informa- 
tion the author has to give is conveyed in untechnical language, in a 
setting oj personal adventure, and associated with descriptions of the 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 15 

natural scenery and the peculiarities of the hwnan life in the midst of zvhich 
the plants were found. By this method the subject is made interestiftg to 
a very large class of readers. ' ' Botanical knowledge is blended with a 
love of natitre, a pious enthusiasm, and a rich felicity of diction not to he 
met with in any works of kindred character, if we except those of Hugh 
J/z7/^r."— Telegraph. ''Mr. M.'s gloiving pictures of Scandinavian 
scenery.''' — Saturday Review. 

Martin (Frederick) — the STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK : 

See p. 2)6 of this Catalogue. . 

Martineau.— BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 1852— 1868. 
By Harriet Martineau. Third and Cheaper Edition, with 
New Preface. Crown Svo. 6j-. 

A Collection of Memoirs tinder these several sections: — (i) Royal, (2) 
Politicians, (3) Professional, (4) Scientifc, (5) Social, (6) Literary. These 
Mejnoirs appeared originally in the columns of the Daily News. '•' Miss 
Martineau' s large literary powers and her fine intellectual training make 
these little sketches more instructive, and constitute them more genuinely 
works of art, than many more ambitious and diffuse biographies." — 
Fortnightly Review. ''Each memoir is a complete digest of a 
celebrated life, illuminated by the flood of searching light which streams 
from the gaze of an acute but liberal mind." — Morning Star. 

MaSSOn (David).— For other Works by same Author, see Philo- 
sophical and Belles Lettres Catalogues. 

LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. Narrated in connection with the 
Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time. By 
David Masson, M.A., LL.D,, Professor of Rhetoric and English 
Literature in the University of Edinburgh. Vol. I. with Portraits. 
Svo. \%s. Vol. IL, 1638— 1643. Svo. i6j-. Vol. III. in the 
press. 

This work is not only a Biography, but also a continuous Political, 
Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of England through Milton's whole 
time. In order to tmderstand Milton, his position, his motives, his 
thoughts by Jmnselj, his public words to his countryjuen, and the probable 
effect of those words, it was necessary to refer largely to the History of his 
Time, not only as it is presented in well-knaiv?t books, but as it had to be 
rediscovered by express and laborious investigation in original and forgotten 



i6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

records : thus of the Biography^ a History grew : not a mere popular 
compilation, but a work of independent search and method from first to 
last, which has cost fftore labour by far thaji the Biography. The second 
volume is so arranged that the reader may select or omit either the History 
4}r Biography. The NoRTH British Review, speaking of the first 
volume of this work said, ** The Life of Milton is here written once for 
alV The Nonconformist, in noticing the seco7id volume, says, *' Its 
literary excellence entitles it to take its place in the first ranks of our 
literature, while the whole style of its execution 7narks it as the only book 
that has done anything like adequate justice to one of the great masters of our 
language, and otie of otir truest patriots, as well as our greatest epic poet. " 

Mayor (J. E. B.)_WORKS Edited By John E. B. Mayor, 
M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 

CAMBRIDGE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Part II. 
Aixtobiography of Matthew Robinson. Fcap. 8vo. 5^-. ()d. 

This is the second of the Me?noirs illustrative of " Cambridge in the 
Set 'cnteenth Century, ' ' that of Nicholas Farrar having preceded it. It gives 
a lively picture of England during the Civil Wars, the most impoi'tant 
crisis of ozir national life ; it supplies materials for the history of the 
University and our Endowed Schools, and gives us a view of country 
clergy at a time wJmt they are supposed to have been, with scarce an ex- 
ception, scurrilous sots. Mr. Mayor has added a collection of extracts and 
documents relating to the history of several othei' Cajfibridge men of note 
belonging to the same period, all, like Robinson, of Nonconformist leanings. 

LIFE OF BISHOP BEDELL. By his Son. Fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 

This is the third of the Memoirs illustrative of" Cambridge in the I'jth 
Century.'''' The life of the Bishop of Kilmore here pHnted for the first time 
is preserved in the Tanner MSS., and is preliminary to a larger one to be 
"issued shortly. 

Mitford (A. B.)— tales OF OLD JAPAN. By A. B. 
MiTFORD, Second Secretary to the British Legation in Japan. 
With upwards of 30 Illustrations, drawn and cut on Wood by 
Japanese Artists. Two Vols, crown 8vo. 2.\s. 

Under the influence of more enlightened ideas and of a liberal system of 
policy, the old Japanese civilization is fast disappearing, and tvill, in 'a 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. ly 

few years, be completely extinct. It was important, therefore, to presei-ue 
as far as possible trustworthy records of a state of society which^ although 
venerable from its antiquity, has for Europeans the dawn of novelty ; 
hence the series of narratives and legends translated by Mr. Mitford, 
and in which the Japanese are very judiciously left to tell their own tale. 
The two volumes comprise not only stories and episodes illustrative of 
Asiatic superstitions, but also three sermons. The pjrface, appendices, 
and notes explain a number op local peculiarities ; the thirty-one woodctits 
are the genuine work of a native artist, who, unconsciously of course, has 
adopted the process first introduced by the early Gervian masters. " These 
very original volumes will always be interesting as memorials of a most 
-exceptional society, while regarded simply as tales, they are sparkling, sensa- 
tional, and dramatic, and the originality of their ideas and the qtiainincss 
of their language give them a most captivating piquancy. The illustra- 
tions are extremely interesting, and for the curious in such matters have 
a special and partictdar value.'''' — Pall Mall Gazette. 

Morley (John). — EDMUND BURKE, a Historical Study. By 
John MoRLEY, B.A. Oxon. Crown 8vo. *]s. 6d. 

" The style is terse and incisive, and brilliant with epigi'am and point. 
It contains pithy aphoristic sentences which Burke himself xvould not have 
disowned. Its stistained power of reasoning, its zuide sweep of observation 
and reflection, its \elevated ethical and social tone, stamp it as a work of 
high excellence." — SATURDAY Review, f^ A model of compact conden- 
sation. . We have seldom met with a book in which so much matter was 
compressed into so limited a space."' — FALL Mall Gazette. ''An essay 
of unusual effort.'''' — Westminster Review. 

Morison.— THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SAINT BERNARD, 
Abbot of Clairvaux. By James Cotter MoRisoN, M.A. Cheaper 
Edition. Crown 8vo. 4J. dd. 

The Pall Mall Gazette calls this " one of the best contributions in 
our literature towards a vivid, intelligent, and worthy knowledge of 
European interests and thoughts and feelings during the tzvelfth centiiry. 
A delightful and instructive volume, and one of the best products of the 
modern historic spirit:' ''A work,'' says the Nonconformist, ''of 
great merit and value, dealing most thoroughly with one of the most in- 
teresting character's, and one of the most interesting periods, ifi the Churck 
history of the Middle Ages. Mr. Morison is tho7-oughly master of his subject, 

B 



i8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



and 2vrites luith great discrimination and fairness, and in a chaste and 
elegant style.''' The Spectator says it is ''not only distinguished by 
research and candour, it has also the great merit of never being dull.''' 

Palgrave (Sir F.)— HISTORY OF NORMANDY AND 
OF ENGLAND. By Sir Francis Palgrave, Deputy Keeper 
of Her Majesty's Public Records. Completing the History to the 
Death of William P>.ufus. Four Vols. 8vo. £Ac 4-f. 

Volume I. General Relations of Mediceval Europe — The Carlovingian 
Empire — The Danish Expeditions in the Gauls — And the Establishment 
of Rollo. Volume II. TJie Three First Dukes of Normandy ; Rollo, 
Guillaume Longue-Epee, and Richard Sans-Peur — Th^ Carlovi^igian 
line supplanted by the Capets. Volume III. Richard Sans-Peur — 
Richard Le-Boji — Richard III. — Robert Le Diable — William the Con- 
queror. Volume IV. William Rufus — Accession of Henry Beauclerc. 
It is needless to say anything to recommend this work of a lifetime to all 
students of history ; it is, as the SPECTATOR says, ''perhaps the greatest 
single contribution yet ??iade to the authentic annals of this country^' and 
" must,'" says the NONCONFORMIST, "always rank among our standard 
nuthonties.''' 

Palgrave (W. G.)— A narrative of a year's 

JOURNEY THROUGH CENTRAL AND EASTERN 
ARABIA, 1862-3. By. liam Gifford Palgrave, late of 
the Eighth Regiment Bombay N. I. Sbcth Edition. With Maps, 
Plans, and Portrait of Author, engraved on steel by Jeens. Crown 
8vo. ds. 

"• The work is a model of what its class should be ; the style restrained, 
the narrative clear, telling us all we wish to know of the country and 
people visited, and enough of the author and his feelings to enable us to 
trust ourselves to his guidance in a tract hitherto unti'odden, and dangerous 
in more senses than one. . . He has not only written one of the best books 
on the Arabs and one of the best books on A7'abia, but he has done so in a 
manner that must command the respect no less than the admiration of his 
fdlow-countrymen.^' — FORTNIGHTLY Review. " Considering the extent 
of our previous ignorance, the amount of his achievements, and the im- 
portance of his contributions to our knowledge, we cannot say less of him 
than was once said of a far greater discoverer — Mr. Palgrave has indeed 
given a new world to EuropeP — Pall Mall Gazette. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 19 

Paris.— INSIDE PARIS DURING THE SIEGE. By an 
Oxford Graduate. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 

This "jolu7fie consists of the diary kept by a gentleman zvho lived in Paris 
during the whole of its siege by the Prussians. He had many facilities for 
coming in contact -with men of all parties and of all classes, and ascertain- 
ing the actual motives ivhich animated them, and their real ultimate aims. 
These facilities he took advantage of, and in his diary, day by day, care- 
fully recorded the results of his observations, as well as faithfully but 
graphically photographed the various incidents of the siege which ca7ne 
under his own notice, the actual condition of the besieged, the sayings and 
doings, the hopes and fears of the people ajnong whom he freely moved. 
In the Appendix is an exhaustive and elaborate account of the Organization 
of the Republican party, sent to the author by M. yules Andrieu ; and a 
translation of the Manifesto of the Commu7ie to the People of England, 
dated April 19, 187 1. " The author tells his story ad?)tirably. The 
Oxford Graduate seems to have gone everywhere, heard what everyone had 
to say, and so been able to give us photographs of Paris life during the 
siege which we have not had front any other source." — Spectator. 
^'' He has written brightly, lightly, and pleasantly, yet in perfect 
taste.'' — Saturday Review. 



Prichard. — THE administration of INDIA. From 
1859 to 1868. The First Ten Years of Administration under the 
Crown. By Iltudus Thomas Prichard, Barrister-at-Law. 
Two Vols. Demy 8vo. With Map. lis. 

In these volumes the author has oAjned to supply a full, impartial, and 
independe7it account of British India between 1859 and 1868 — which is 
in many respects the tnost important epoch in the history of that country 
that the present century has seen. " It has the gj-eat merit that it is not 
exclusively devoted, as are too many histories, to military and political 
details^ but enters thoroughly into the 7jiore important questions of social 
history. We find in these volumes a well-arranged and cot?ipendious 
reference to almost all that has been done in India during the last ten 
years ; and the most important official documents and historical pieces are 
well selected and duly set forth.'' — Scotsman. "// is a worfc wJiicJi 
^ery Englishman in India ought to add to /Us library." — Star of 
India. 



20 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

Robinson (H. Crabb) — THE DIARY, REMINISCENCES, 
AND CORRESPONDENCE, OF HENRY CRABB ROBIN- 
SON, Barrister-at-Law. Selected and Edited by Thomas 
Sadler, Ph.D. With Portrait. Third and Cheaper Edition. 
Two Vols. Crown 8vo. i()S. 

The Daily News says : " The tzvo books which are most likely to 
survive change of litei'ary taste, and to charm while histrncting genei-atioii 
after generation, are the ^ Diary ^ of Pepys and BoswelVs ^ Life of 
yohnson.'' The day will come zuhen to these many will add the ' Diary of 
Henry Crabb Robinson.^ Excellences like those which render the personal 
revelations of Pepys and the observations of Bosiuell such pleasant reading 
abound in this loork ..../« it is to be found sojnething to suit evejy taste 
and inform every mind. For the general reader it contains much light and 
amusing matter. To the lover of literature it conveys information which 
he will prize highly on account of its accuracy and rarity. The student of 
social life will gather from it many valuable hints wha'con to base 
theories as to the effects on English society of the progress of civilization. 
For these and other reasons this ' Diary ' is a work to which a hearty 
welcome should be accorded. " 

Rogers (James E. Thorold).— HISTORICAL GLEAN- 
INGS : A Series of Sketches. Montague, Walpole, Adam Smith, 
Cobbett. By Prof. Rogers. Crown 8vo. 45-. dd. Second Series. 
Wiklif, Laud, Wilkes, and Home Tooke. Crown 8vo. 6j. 

Professor Rogers's object in these sketches, which aj-e in the form of 
Lectures, is to present a set of historical facts, grouped round a pi'incipal 
figure. ' The author has aimed to state the social facts of the time in 
which the individual whose history is handled took part in public business. 
It is from sketches like these of the great men who took a prominoit 
and infftcetztial part in the affairs of their tifne that a clear conception of 
the social and econoinical condition of our ancestors can be obtained. 
History learned in this wayis both instructive and agreeable. " His Essays,'^ 
the Pall Mall Gazette says, '' are full of interest, pregnant, thoughtful, 
and readable.'' " They rank far above the average of similar perfor- 
mances,'' says the Westiniinster Review. 

Raphael.— RAPHAEL OF URBINO AND HIS FATHER 
GIOVANNI SANTI. By J. D. Passavant, formerly Director 
of the Museum at Frankfort. With Twenty Permanent Photo- 
graphs. Royal Svo. Handsomely bound. 3IJ-, 6d. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 21 

7o the enlarged French edition of PassavanCs Life of Raphael^ that 
painter's admirers have tu7-tied whenever they have sought iftformation, 
and it will doubtless re77iain for many years the best book of reference 07t 
all questio7ts pe7'tai7ii7tg to the great painter'. The present work consists 
of a tra7islatio7i of those parts of Passava7tt' s vohwies which a7-e 77iost 
likely to i7iterest the gene7'al 7'eader. Besides a co77iplete life of Raphael y it 
contai7is the valuable desc7'iptio7is of all his known painti7igs, a7id the 
Chro7tological Index, which is of so 77iiich se7'vice to a7nateu7's who wish to 
study the progressive character of his wo7'ks. The Illustrations by 
Woodbury's 7iew pe7'77ia7ie7tt p7'ocess of photo g7-aphy, are take7i f7'om the 
fi7test e7igravings that could be procu7-ed, a7id have bee7i chose7t with the 
inte7ttion ofgivi7ig exa77iples of RaphaeV s various styles of pai7iting. The 
Saturday Review says of the77i, " We have see7i not a fexu clega7it 
speci7?ie7is of Mr. Woodb7C7y's 7iew process, but we have see7i 7i07ie that 
equal these. " 

Sadler.— EDWIN WILKINS FIELD. A Memorial Sketch- 
By Thomas Sadler, Ph. D. With a Portrait. Crown Svo. 4^. dd. 

Mr. Field was well k7iozv7i du7'i7ig his life-ti77ie 7iot only as a7t emi7te7tt 
hnvyer a7id a stre7tuous a7id successful advocate of law 7-efo7'77i, but, both 
i7i E7igla7id a7id A77ierica, as a 7na7i of wide a7id tho7'ough culture, varied 
tastes, Ia7'geliearted7iess, a7td lofty ai77is. His sudde7i death was looked 
up07i as a public loss, a7td it is expected that this b7'ief Memoir will be 
acceptable to a large nu77iber outside of the 7}ia,7ty f7'ie7ids at whose request 
it has bee7i zuritte7t. 

Somers (Robert). — the SOUTHERN STATES SINCE 
THE WAR. By Robert Somers. With Map. Svo. 9^-. 

This wo7'k is the result of i7iqui7'-ies 7nade by the author of all authorities 
C077ipete7it to affo7'd hi77i i7ifo7'77iatio7t, a7id of his oiu7t observatio7t du7'i7tg a 
lengthe77ed sojou7'7i i7i the Southerii States, to zvhich W7'iters 07z A77ierica so 
seldo77i direct their steps. The author's object is to give so77ie accou7tt of the 
co7iditio7t of the Southe7'7t States tmder the 7iew social and political systenz 
i7tt7'oduced by the civil war. He has he7'e collected such notes of the prog7-ess 
of their cotto7i plantatio7is, of the state of their laboiwing populatio7t a7td of 
their industrial ente7prises, as may help the 7'eader to a safe opinio7t of 
their 77iea7is a7id prospects of develop7nent. He also gives such info7'7naticn 
of their tiatural 7'esou7res, 7'ailways, a7id other public works, as 77iay 
te7id to ^hoiv to ivhat exte7it they a7'e fitted to beco77ie a profitable field of 



22 MACMILLAN\S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



enlarged ivwiigration, settlement, and foreign trade. The volunie contains 
many valuable and reliable details as to the condition of the Negro popiilq- 
tion, the state of Ediication and Religioii, of Cotton, Sugar, and Tobacco 
Cultivation, of Agriculture generally, of Coal and Iron Mining, Manu- 
lactures, Ti'ade, Means of Locomotion, and the condition of Towns aiid of 
Socidy. A large map of the Southern States by Messrs. TV. and A. K. 
Johnston is appended, 7uhich shows zvith great clearness the Cotton, Coal, 
andiron districts, the raihmys co7npleted and projected, the State boundaries, 
and other important details. ' ' Full of interesting and valuable informa- 
tion."" — Saturday Review. 

Smith (Professor Goldwin). — three ENGLISH 

STATESMEN. See p. 37 of this Catalogue. 

Streets and Lanes of a City. — Sec Dutton (Amy) p. 31 

of this Catalogue. 

Tacitus.— THE HISTORY OF TACITUS, translated into 
English. By A. J. Church, M.A. and W. J. Brodribb, M.A. 
With a Map and Notes. 8vo. los. 6d. 

The translators have endeavoured to adhere as closely to the original as 
was thought consistent with a proper observance of English idiom. At 
the sa?ne time it has been their, ai?n to reproduce the precise expressions of 
the author. This work is characterised by the Spectator as " a scholarly 
and faithftd translation.'''' 

THE AGRICOLA AND GERMANIA. Translated into English by 
A. J. Church, M.A. and Vv , J. Brodribb, M.A. With Maps 
and Notes. Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 

The tratislaiors have sought to produce such a versioit as may satisfy 
scholars who demand a faithful rendering of the original, and English 
readers who are offejided by the baldness and frigidity tvhich commonly 
disfigure translations. The treatises aj'e accompanied by Introductions, 
Notes, Maps, and a chronological Summary. The Athenaeum says of 
this work that it is " a version at once readable and exact, which may be 
perused with pleasure by all, and consulted with advantage by the classical 
student;^''' and the Vmjl Mall Gazette says,'' What the editors have 
attempted to do, it is not, we think probable that any living scholars coidd 
have done better.'''' 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 23 

Taylor (Rev. Isaac). — WORDS and places. See 

p. 44 of this Catalogue. 

Trench (Archbishop). — For other Works by the same Author, 
see Theological and Belles Lettres Catalogues, and p. 45 
of this Catalogue. 

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS : Social Aspects of the Thirty Years. 
War. By R. Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, 
Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 

" C/ear and lucid in style, these lecttires will be a treasure to many to 
whom the subject is unfafniliar''' — DUBLIN Evening Mail. , " TJiese 
Lectures are vivid and graphic sketches: the first treats of the great 
King of Sweden, and of his character rather than of his actions ; the 
second describes the condition of Germany in that dreadfid time zvhen 
famine, batUes, and pestilence, though they exterminated three-fourths of the 
population, were less terrible than the fiend-like cruelty, the utter lawless- 
ness and depravity, bred of long anarchy and suffering. The substance of 
the lectures is drawn from conteinporary accounts, which give to them 
especial freshness and life." — Literary Churchman. 

Trench (Mrs. R.)— Remains of the late Mrs. RICHARD 
TRENCH. Being Selections from her Journals, Letters, and 
other Papers. Edited by Archbishop Trench. New and 
Cheaper Issue, wi^;h Portrait. 8vo. 6j. 

Contains Notices and Anecdotes illustrating the social life of the period 
— extendittg over a quarter of a century (1799 — 1827). It includes also 
Poems and other tniscellaneoiis pieces by Mrs, Trench. 

Wallace. — Works by Alfred Russel Wallace. For other 
Works by same Author, see Scientific Catalogue. 

Dr. Hooker, in his address to the British Association, spoke thus of the 
author .•— " Of Mr. Wallace and his many contributions to philosophical 
biology it^ is not easy to speak without enthusiasm ; for, putting aside their 
great merits, he, throughout his writings, with a modesty as 7'are as I 
believe it to be unconscious, forgets his own tmquestioned claim to the honoitr 
of having originated, independently of Mr. Darzvin, the theories ivhich 
he so ably defends.'^ 



24 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 

Wallace (A. ^.)— continued. 

A NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS ON THE AMAZON AND 
RIO NEGRO, with an Account of the Native Tribes, and Obser- 
vations on the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the 
Amazon Valley. With a Map and Illustrations. 8vo. \2.s. 
Mr. Wallace is acknowledged as one of the first of modern travellers 

and naturalists. This, his earliest zuork, will be found to possess many 

charms for the general reada; and to be full of intej'est to the student of 

natural history. 

THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO : the Land of the Orang Utan 
and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel with Studies 
of Man and Nature. With Maps and Illustrations, Third and 
Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. *]s. 6d. 

" The result is a vivid picttire of tropical life, which may be read with 
unflagging interest, and a sufficient account of his scientific conclusions to 
stimulate our appetite without wearying us by detail. In short, we may 
safely say that we have nevei" read a inore agreeable book of its kind." — 
Saturday Review. '^ His descriptions of scenery, of the people and 
their manners and customs, enlivened by occasional ami^sing anecdotes, 
constitute the most interesting reading we have taken up for some time.^^ — 
Standard. 

Ward (Professor).— THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA IN THE 

THIRTY YEARS' WAR. Two Lectures, with Notes and lUus- 

trations. By Adolphus W. Ward, M.A., Professor of History 

in Owens College, Manchester. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 

These two Lectures were delivered in Febrtiary, 1 869, at the Philosophical 

Institution, Edinburgh, and arenow published zvith Notes and Illustrations . 

bear more thoroughly the impress of one who has a true and vigorous gj'asp 

' ' We have never read, " says the Saturday Review, ' ' any lectures which 

of the subject in hand." " They are," the Scotsman says, '''' the fruit op 

much labour and learning, and it would be difficidt to compress into a 

hundred pages more information^ 

Warren.— AN ESSAY ON GREEK FEDERAL COINAGE. 

By the Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A. 8vo. 2s. dd. 
• The present essay is an attempt to illustrate Air. Free?nan^s Federal 
Goz'ernment by evidence deduced from the coiiiage of the times and countries 
therein treated of. 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 25 

Wedgwood— JOHN WESLEY AND THE EVANGELICAL 
REACTION of the Eighteenth Century, By Julia Wedgwood. 
Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. 

This book is an attempt to delineate the influence of a particular man 
upon his age. The backgrotind to the central figure is treated tvith 
considerable minuteness, the object of representation being not the vicissitude 
of a particular life, but that element in the life which imp^'essed itself on 
the life of a nation, — an element which cannot be understood without a 
study of aspects of national thought which on a superficial viezu might 
appear wholly tmconnected with it. " Lt style and intellectual power, in 
breadth of view and clearness of insight. Miss Wedgzuood's book far 
surpasses all rivals T — Athen^UM. ''''As a short account of the most 
remarkable 7novement in the eighteenth century, it must fairly be described 
as excellent.'' — Pall Mall Gazette. 

Wilson. — A MEMOIR OF GEORGE WILSON, M. D., 
F.R.S.E., Regius Professor of Technology in the University of 
Edinburgh. By his Sister. New Edition. Crown 8vo. ds. 

" An exquisite and touching portrait of a rare and beautiful spirit.'" — 
Guardian. ''■•He more than most men of whom we have lately read 
deserved a minute and careful biography, and by such alone could he be 
imderstood, and become loveable and influential to his fellow-men. Such 
a biography his sister has written, in which letters reach almost to the 
extent of a complete autobiography, with all the additio7ial charm of being 
unconsciously such. We revej'e and admire the heart, and earnestly praise 
the patient tender hand, by which such a worthy record of the earth-story 
of one of God's true angel-men has been constructed for our delight and 
profit." — Nonconformist. 

Wilson (Daniel, LL.D.)— Works by Daniel Wilson, 
LL.D., Professor of History and English Literature in University 
College, Toronto : — 

PREHISTORIC ANNALS OF SCOTLAND. New Edition, 
with numerous Illustrations. Two Vols, demy 8vo. 36J. 

One object aimed at when the book first appeared was to rescue archceological 
research fi om that limited range to which a too exclusive devotion to classical 
studies had given rise, and, especially in relation to Scotland, to prove how 
greatly more comprehensive and important are its native antiqiiifies than all 



26 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 



"Wilson (Daniel, 'L.'L.Xi^—contimied. 

the traces of intruded art. The aim has been to a large extent effectually 
accomplished, and such an impulse given to archceological research, that in 
this new edition the whole of the work has had to be remodelled. Fully a 
third of it has been entirely re-written; and the reuiaining portions have 
undergone so minute a revision as to render it in many respects a new 
work. The number of pictorial illtcstratio7is has been greatly increased, 
and several of the former plates and woodcuts have been re-engraved 
from nezu drawings. This is divided into four Parts. Part I. deals 
with The Primeval or Stone Period : Aboriginal Traces, Septclchral 
Memorials, Dwellings, and Catacombs, Temples, Weapons, etc. etc. ; 
Part II. Tlae Bronze Period : The Metallurgic Transition, Pri?nitive 
Bronze, Personal Ornaments, Religion, Arts, ar,d Domestic Habits, xvith 
other topics ; Part III. The Iron Period : The Introduction of Iron, The 
Roman Invasion, Strongholds, etc. etc.; Part IV. Tlie Christian Period : 
Historical Data, the Norrie's Latv Relics-, Primitive and Mediceval 
Ecclesiology, Ecclesiastical and Miscellaneous Antiquities. The work is 
furnished zvith an elaborate Index. " One of the most interesting, learned, 
and elegant works we have seen for a long time.'''' — Westminster 
Review. " The interest connected with this beautiful vohtme is not 
limited to that part of the kingdom to which it is chiefly devoted ; it tvill be 
consulted zvith advantage and gratif cation by all 7vho have a regard for 
National Antiquities and for the advancement of scientific Archceology.'''' — 
Arch^ological Journal. 

PREHISTORIC MAN. New Edition, revised and partly re- written, 
wJth numerous Illustrations. One vol. 8vo, 2.\s. 

This woi'k, zvhich carries out the principle of the preceding 07ie, but with 
a wider scope, aims to " view Man, as far as possible, unafected by those 
modifying influences which accompany the development of nations and the 
maturity of a tnte historic period, in order thereby to ascertain the sources 
from whejtce such development and maturity proceed. These researches 
into the origin of civilization have accordingly been pursued under the belief 
which 'influenud the author in previous inquiries that the investigations 
of the arch(2ologist, when carried on in an enlightened spirit, are replete 
with interest in relation to some of the most impo7-tant probletns of modern 
science. To reject the 'aid of archceology in the progress of science, and 
especially of ethnological science, is to extinguish the lamp of the student 
when most dependent on its borrozved rays.'" A prolonged residence on 
some of the ne^vest sites of the New World has afforded the author many 



HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 27 

"Wilson (Daniel, 'Ll^.T^.)—contim(cd. 

opportunities of investigating the antiquities of the Ameriean Aborigines, 
and of bringing to light many facts of high importance in reference to 
primeval man. The changes in the new edition, necessitated by the great 
advance in ArchcEology since the first, include both reconstruction and 
condensation, along with considerable additions alike in illustration and 
in argument. " V/e find," says the Athen^UM, " the main idea of his 
treatise to be a pre-eminently scientific one, — namely, by archceological 
records to obtain a definite conception of the origin and nature of man's 
earliest efforts at civilization in the New World, and to endeavour to dis- 
cover, as if by analogy, the necessary conditions, phases, and epochs through 
which 7nan in the p-ehistoric stage in the Old World also must necessarily 
have passed.'' The NORTH British Review calls it ^' a mature and 
mellow work of an able man ; free alike from crotchets and from d&g- 
matisfn, and exhibiting on every page the canfwn and moderation of a 
well-balanced judgment.''' 

CHATTERTON: A Biographical Study. By Daix^el Wilson, 
LL,D., Professor of History and English Literature in University 
College, Toronto. Crown 8vo. ()s. 6d. 
The author here regards Chatterton as a poet, not as a '■^ mere resetter 
and defacer of stolen literary treasures." Reviezved in this light, he has 
found much in the old materials capable of being tiirned to neru) account : 
and to these materials research in 'various directions has enabled him to 
make some additions. He believes that the boy-poet has been misjudged, and 
that the biographies hitherto zvritten of hijn arc not only imperfect but 
untrue. While dealing tenderly, the author has sought to deal truthfully 
with the failings as well as the virtues of the boy : bearing always in 
remembrance, ivhat has been too frequently lost sight of that he 7vas but a 
boy ; — a boy, and yet a poet of rare pozver. The Examiner thinks this 
'■^ the most complete and the purest biography of the poet which has yet 
appeared." The Literary Churchman calls it '■^ a most charming 
literary biography,'''' 

Yonge (Charlotte M.)— Works by Charlotte M. Yonge, 
Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe," &c. &c. :— 

A PARALLEL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND : 
consisting of Outlines and Dates. Oblong 4to. 3^'. ^d. 
This tabular history has been drawn ip to supply a want felt by 7nany 
teachers of some ?neans of making their pupils realize what events in the 



28 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE. 



Yonge (Charlotte yi.)— continued. 

ttvo countries were contemporary. A skeleton, narrative has been constructed 
0j the chief transactions in either country, placing a column between for 
•what affected both alike, by which means it is hoped that young people jnay 
be assisted in grasping the mutual relation of events. 

CAMEOS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. From Rollo to Edward 
II. Extra fcap. 8vo. Second Edition, enlarged. 5^. 
A Second Series, THE WARS IN FRANCE. Extra fcap. 
8vo. 5^-. 

The endeavour has not been to chronicle facts, but to ptct together a series 
of pictures of persons and events, so as to arrest the attention, and give 
some individuality and distinctness to the recollection, by gathei'ing together 
details of the most memorable moments. The ' ' Cameos " are intended as 
a book for young people just beyond the elanentary histories of England, 
and able to enter in so??ie degree into the real spirit of events, and to be 
struck %vith characters and scenes presented in sof?ie relief. ^'' Instead of 
dry details,^' says theT>iONCOl>iFORMlST, ''.we have living pictures, faithfid, 
vivid, and striking. " 

Young (Julian Charles, M.A.)— a MEMOIR OF 

CHARLES MAYNE YOUNG, Tragedian, with Extracts 
from his Son's Journal. By Julian Charles Young, M.A. 
Rector of Ilmington. With : Portraits and Sketches. Neiv and 
Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 7^. dd. 

Round this memoir of one who held no mean place in public estimation 
as a tragedian, and who, as a man, by the unobtrtisive simplicity and 
moral purity of his private life, zvon golden opinions fro7n all sorts of men, 
are clustered extracts from the author''s Journals, containing many 
curious and interesting reminiscences of his father's and his awn eminent 
and famous contemporaries and acquainta7ices, somrwhat aftei' the manner 
of H. Crabb Robinson's Diary. Every page will be found Jull both oj 
entertainment and instruction. It contains four portraits of thett'agedian, 
and a few other curious sketches. ' ' In this budget of anecdotes, fables, and 
gossip, old and neiu, relative to Scott, Moore, Chalmers, Coleridge, Words- 
worth, Croker, Mathews, the third and fourth Geoiges, Bowles, Beckford, 
Lockhart, Wellington, Peel, Louis Napoleon, D'Orsay, Dickens, 
Thackeray, Louis Blanc^ Gibsoji, Constable, and Stanfield, etc. etc. the 
reader must be hard indeed to please tvho cannot find entertaitiment. " — 
Pall Mall Gazette. 



WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 35 



Hill.— CHILDREN OF THE STATE. THE TRAINING OF 
JUVENILE PAUPERS. By Florence Hill. Extra fcap. 
8vo. cloth. 5^. 

In this ivork the author discusses the various systems, adopted in this 
and other countries in the treatment of pauper children. The 
Birmingham Daily Gazette calls it "« valuable contribution 
to the great and important social question ivhich it so ably and 
thoroughly discusses; and it must materially aid in producing a 
wise method of dealing zuith the Children of the State.'''' 

HistOricuS. — LETTERS ON SOME QUESTIONS OF 
INTERNATIONAL LAW. Reprinted from the Times, with 
considerable Additions. 8vo. 7^-. 6d. Also, ADDITIONAL 
LETTERS. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 

The author'' s -intention in these 'Letters toas to illustrate in a popular 
form clearly-established principles of la%v, or to refufe, as occasion 
required, errors tvhich had obtained « mischievous currency. He 
has endeavoicred to establish, by sufficient authority, propositions 
tvhich have been inconsiderately impugned, and to point out the 
various methods of reasoning which have led some modern writers 
to erroneous conclusions. The volume contains: Letters on ^^Recog- 
nition;'''' '■^ On the Perils §f Inte^'vention ;^^ '■'■The Rights and 
Duties of Neutral Nations;'''' ^' On the Law of Blockade;"" '■'On 
Neutral Trade in Contraband of War;'''' '' On Belligerent 'Viola- 
tion of Neutral Rights;'" '■'The Foreign Enlistment Act ;" "The 
Right, of Search;''^ extracts from letters on the Afair of the 
Trent; and a paper on the "■Territoriality of the Merchant 
Vessel.'''' — "It is seldom that the doctrines of International Lato on 
debateable points have been stated zvith more vigour, precision, and 
certainty. " — Saturday Review. 

Jevons.-— WorVs by W, Stanley Jeyons, M.A., Professor of 
Logic and Political Economy in Owens College, Manchester. (For 
other Works by the same Author, see Educationai, and Philo-^ 
soPHiCAL Catalogues.) 

THE COAL QUESTION : An Inquiry Concerning the Progress 
of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of our Coal Mines. 
Second Edition, revised. 8vo. los. ^d. 
c 2 



36 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 



J e von S ( W. ^.^—contimied. 

'■'■Day by day,^^ the Mithor says, '■'■it becomes juore evident that the 
coal we happily possess in excellent quality and abundance is the 
tnainspring of modern material civilization.^'' Geologists and 
oth^r competent authoi'ities have of late been hinting that the 
sitipply of coal is by no means inexhaustible, and as it is of vast 
importance to the country and the world generally to know the real 
state of the case, Professor Jezmts in this zuork Jias endeavoured to 
solve the question as far as the data at cotmnand admit. He 
believes that should the consumption multiply for rather- more than 
a ccntu7'y at its present rate, the average depth of our coal ?}iines 
would be so reduced that tve could not long continue our p'esent rate 
of progress. '■'■We have to make the momentous choice,^'' he believes, 
'■'■betiveen brief greatness and long-continued pr asperity. ^^ — '■^The 
question of our supply of coal," says the Pall Mall GAZETTE, '^ be- , 
comes a question obviously of life or death. . . . The whole case is 
stated with admirable clearness and cogency. . . . We may regard 
his statements as 7inanszvered and practically established.'''' 

TIfE THEORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. ^s. 

In this work Professor yevons endeavours to construct a theory of 
Political Economy on a mathematical or quantitative basis, believing 
that 7nany of the commonly received theories in this science are pe7'- 
niciously erroneous. The author here attempts to treat Economy 
as the Calculus of Pleasure and Pain, and has sketched out, almost 
irrespective of previous opinions, the foi'm which the science, as it 
seems to him, must 2iltimately take. The theory consists in apply- 
ing the differential calculus to the familiar notions of Wealth, 
Utility, Value, Demand, Sitpply, Capital, Interest, Labour, and 
all the other notions belonging to the daily operations of industry. 
As the complete theory of almost every other science involves the use 
of that calculus, so, the author thinks, zve cannot have a true theory 
of Political Economy without its aid. ^'P?-ofessor yevons has done 
invaluable service by courageously claiming political eco7to7?iy to be 
strictlv a branch of Applied Mathetnatics." — Westminster 
Review, 

Martin. — THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK: A Statistical 
and Historical Annual of the States of the Civilized World. 
Handbook for Politicians and Merchants for the year 1872. By 



WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 37 



h Frederick Martin, Ninth Annual Publication. Revised after 
Official Returns, Crown 8vo, 10^, 6d. 

The Statesman's Year-Book is the only work in the English language 
which furnishes a clear and concise account of the actual condition 
of all the States of Europe, the civilized countries of America, 
Asia, and Africa, and the British Colonies and Dependencies in 
all parts of the zuorld. The new issue of the work has been revised 
and corrected, on the basis of official reports received direct f rem the 
heads of the leading Governments of the world, in reply to letters sent 
to them by the Editor. Through the valuable assistance thus given, 
it has been possible to collect an amount of infoi'mation, political, 
statistical, and commercial, of the latest date, and of tmimpeachable 
trustzvorthiness, such as no publication of the same kind has ever 
been able to furnish. The new issue of the Statesman's Year- 
Book has a Chronological Account of the principal events of the 
past momentous twelve months. "As indispensable as Bradshazv.'''' 
—Times. 

Phillimore.— PRIVATE LAW AMONG THE ROMANS, 
from the Pandects. By John George Phillimore, Q.C. 8vo, 
i6s. 

The author's belief that some knowledge of the Roman System of 
Municipal Lata will contribute to improve our own, has induced 
hi?n to prepare the present zvork. His endeavour has been to select 
those parts of the Digest which would best show the grand manner 
in which the Roman jurist dealt with his subject, as well as those 
-cvhich most illustrate the principles by which he was guided in 
establishing the great lines and propositions of jurisprudence, which 
every lazvyer must have frequent occasion to employ. ''Mr. Philli- 
more has done good service towards the study of jurisprudence in 
this country by the production of this volume. The work is one 
which should be in the haitds of eveiy student.''— Atyl^^ mum. 

Smith. — Works by *»rofessor Goldwin Smith :— 

A LETTER TO A WHIG MEMBER OF THE SOUTHERN 
INDEPENDENCE ASSOCIATION. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 

This is a Letter, written in 1864, to a ?nember of an Association 
foi'medin this country, the purpose of tvhich was ''to lend assistance 



3-8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 

S^ith (Prof. Q,)—co7iti7zued. ♦ 

to tJie Slave-owners of the Southern States in their attempt to effect a 
disruption of the American Covwionwealth, and to establish an 
independent Poiver^ having, as they declare, 'iAzNOxy for its corner- 
stone.''^ Mr. Smith endeavours to shozv that in doing so they 
would have committed a great folly and a still greater crime. 
T)u'074.ghout the Letter many points of general and permanent 
importance are discussed. 

THREE ENGLISH STATESMEN: PYM, CROMWELL, 

PITT. A Course of Lectures on the Political History of England. 

Extra fcap. 8vo. New and Cheaper Edition. 5^-. 

'■^A work which neither historian nor politician can safely afford to 

neglect. " — Saturday Review. " " There are outlines, clearly and 

boldly sketched, if tnere outlines, of the three Statesmen who give the 

titles to his lectures, whichare well deserviiigof study. ^' — SPECTATOR. 

Social Duties Considered with Reference to the 

ORGANIZATION OF EFFORT IN WORKS OF BE- 
NEVOLENCE AND PUBLIC UTILITY. By a Man of 
Business. (Willlam Rathbone.) Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
The contents of this valuable little book are — /. ^^ Social Disintegra- 
tion." II. ^^ Our Charities — Done and Undone.''"' TIL '''^Organiza- 
tion and Individual Benevolence — their Achievonents and Short- 
comings." IV. " Organizatiojz and Individualism — their Co- 
operation Indispensable.'''' V. ^'' Instances and Experiments.''^ VI. 
^'' The Sphere of Govern7nent." '■'■Conclusion.'" The views urged 
are no sentimental theories, but have grown out of the practical ex- 
perience acquired in actual wotIc. "Mr. Rathbone^ s earnest and 
large-hearted little book tuill help to generate both a larger and wiser 
charity.'" — BRITISH Quarterly. 

Stephen ^C. E.)— the service of the poor; 

Being an Inquiry into the Reasons for and against the Establish- 
ment of Rehgious Sisterhoods for Charitable Purposes. By 
Caroline Emilia Stephen. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 

Miss Stephen defines Religious Sisterhoods as "associations, the 
organization of which is based upon the assumption that works of 
charity are either acts of worship in themselves, or means to an end, 
that end being the spirii7(al welfare of the objects or the performers 



WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 39 

of those works. " Argzdng from that point of vieiv, she devotes the 
first part of her vol^l^me to a brief history of religious associations, 
taking as specimens — /. The Deaconesses of the Primitive Church. 
II. TheBeguines. III. The Third Order of S. Francis. IV. The 
Sisters of Cha7'ity of S. Vincent de Paul. V. The Deaconesses of 
Modern Germany. In the second part, Miss Stephen attejupts to 
show what a^^e the real wants met by Sisterhoods, to zvhat extent the 
same wants may be effectually viet by the organization of co7're- 
sponding institutions on a secular basis, and what are -the reasons 
for endeavouring to do so. " The ablest advocate of a better line of 
work in this direction than we Jiave ever seen.^^ — Examiner, 



Stephen (J. F.)— A GENERAL view of the 

CRIMINAL LAW OF ENGLAND. By James Fitzjames 
Stephen, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Member of the Legislative 
Council of India. 8vo. i^s. 

The object of this work is to give an account of the general scope, 
tendency, and design of an important part of our institutions, 
of which surely none can have a greater moral significance, or be 
more closely connected with broad pi'inciples of morality and 
politics, than those by which men rightfully, deliberately, and in 
cold blood, kill, enslave, and otherwise torment their fellozv- 
creatures. The author believes it possible to explain the principles 
of such a system in a mamter both intelligible and inter estino; 
The Contents are— I. ''The Province of the Criminal law.'' 
II. '■'■ Historical Sketch of English Criminal Law.'" III. '■'■ Defi- 
nition of Crime in Gene7'al. " IV. ' ' Classification and Definition 
of Particular Crimes.'" V. '■'■ C^'iminal Procedure in General." 
VI. "■ English Criminal Procedure.'" VI I. '' The Principles of 
Evidence in Relation to the Criminal Law." VIII. '' En'dish 
Rides of Evidence." IX. "-English Criminal Legislation:' 
The last I $0 pages are occupied with the discussion of a nimiber 
of iviportant cases. '■'■Readers feel in his book the confidence which 
attaches to the writings of a man who has a great practical 
acquaintance zuith the matter of which he writes, and lawyers will 
agree that it fully satisfies the standard of professional accuracy T 
— S AT URDAY Review. ' ' His style is forcible and perspicuous, and 

singularly free from the unnecessary use of professional terms." 

Spectator. 



4-0 JIACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE. 

Thornton. — on LABOUR: its Wrongful Claims and Rightful 
Dues ; Its Actual Present State and Possible Future. By William 
Thomas Thornton, Author of" A Plea for Peasant Proprietors," 
etc. Second Edition, revised. 8vo. I4J-. 

T/ie object of this -volume is to endeavour to find "« cure for human 
destitution^^'' the search after which has been the passion and the 
work of the authm^'s life. The wa>'k is divided into four books, 
and each book into a number of chaptei's. Book T. ^''Labour's 
Causes of Discontent.'''' II. ''■Labour and Capital in Debate.'" 
III. '■Labour and Capital in Antagotiism.'''' IV. ^^ Labour and 
Capital in Alliance." All the highly ijnportant problems in Social 
and Political Econo7ny connected with Labour and Capital arc 
here discussed with knotuledge, vigour, and originality, and for a 
noble purpose. The new edition has been thoroughly revised and 
considerably enlarged. '■'■ We cannot fail to recognize in his work 
the result of independent thought, high moral aim, and geno'ous 
intrepidity in a noble cause. .... A really valuable contribution. 
The number of facts accuinulated, both historical and statistical, 
make an especially valuable portion of the work."" — WESTMINSTER 
Review. 



WORKS CONNECTED WITHTHE SCIENCE 
OR THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE. 

(For Editions of Greek and Latin Classical Authors, Graui- 
ifiars, and other School works, see Educational Catalogue.) 

Abbott.— A SHAKEvSPERIAN GRAMMAR : An Attempt to 
illustrate some of the Differences between Elizabethan and Modern 
English. By the Rev. E. A. Abbott, M.A., Head Master of the 
City of London School. For the Use of Schools. New and 
Enlarged Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 

The object of this work is to furnish students of Shakespeare a] id 
Bacon with a short systematic account of some points of difference 
betzueen Elizabethan Syntax and our own. The demand for a third 
edition within a year of the publication of the first, has encouraged 
the author to endeavour to make the work somewhat more useful, 
and to render it, as far as possible, a complete book of reference for 
all difficulties of Shakesperian Syntax or Prosody. For this purpose 
the whole of Shakespeare has been re-read, and an attempt has been 
made to include zuithin this edition the explanation of every 
idiomatic difficulty (zuhere the text is not confessedly corrupt) that 
comes within the province of a grammar as distinct from a glossary. 
The great object being to make a useful book of reference for students 
and for classes in schools, several Plays have been indexed so fully, 
that witli the aid of a glossary and historical notes the rferences 
will serve for a complete commentary. "A critical inquiry, con- 
ducted with great skill and knowledge, and with all the appliances 
of modern philology.'''' — Pall Mall Gazette. ^^ Valuable not 
only as an aid to the critical study of SJiakespeare, but as tending to 
ja?niliarize the reader with Elizabethan English in general.''^ — 
Athen.eum. 



42 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 



Besant.— STUDIES IN early French poetry. By 

Walter Besant, M.A. Crown 8vo. %s. 6d. 

A sort of impression rests on most minds that French literature begins 
with the '■^siecle de Louis Quatorze f^ any previous literature being 
for the most part tmknown or ignored. Few know anything of the 
enormous literary activity that began in the thirteenth century, was 
carried on by Rulebeuf Marie de Fj-ance, Gaston de Foix, ThibauU 
de Champagne, and Lorris ; was fostered by Charles of Orleans, 
by Margaret of Valois, by Fj'ancis the First; that gave a crowd of 
versifiers to F-rance, enriched, strengthened, developed, and fixed the 
French language, a,nd prepared the way for Corneille and for 
Racine. The pj'esent work aims to afford information and direction 
touchiizg these early efforts of France in poetical literature. '^^In one 
moderately sized volume he has contrived to introduce us to the very 
best, if not to all of the early French poets.'''' — Athen^UM. 
' Lndustry, the insight of a scholar, and a genuine enthusiasm for 
his stibject, co??ibine to make it of very considerable vahie." — 
Spectator. 



Helfenstein (James).— a COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR 
OF THE TEUTONIC LANGUAGES : Being at the same 
time a Historical Grammar of the English Language, and com- 
prising Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Early English, Modem English, 
Icelandic (Old Norse), Danish, Swedish, Old High Gennan, 
Middle High German, Modem German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, 
and Dutch. By James Helfexstein, Ph.D. Svo. iSj-. 

This work traces the different stages of development through which the 
variotis Teutonic languages have passed, and the laws which have 
regulated their growth. The reader is thus enabled to study the 
relation which these languages bear to one another, and to the Eng- 
"'^ lish language in particular, to which special attention is devoted 
throughout. In the chapter's on Ancient and Middle Teutonic 
languages no grammatical form- is omitted the knowledge of which 
is required for the study of ancient literattire, whether Gothic or 
Anglo-Saxon or Early English. To ea^h chapter is prefixed a 
sketch showing the relation of the Teutonic to the cognate languages, 
Greek, Latiti, and Sanskrit. Those who have mastered the book 
will be in a position to pi'oceed xvith intelligence to the liiorc elaborate 
works of Grimm, Bopp, Pott, Schleicher, and others. 



WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 43 

Morris.— HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF ENGLISH ACCI- 
DENCE, comprising Chapters on the History and Development 
of the Language, and on Word-formation. By the Rev. Richard 
Morris, LL.D,, Member of the Council of the Philol. Sec, 
Lecturer on English Language and Literature in King's College 
School, Editor of "Specimens of Early English," etc., etc. 
Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 

Dr. Morris has endeavoured to zvrite a work which can be profitably 
used by students and by the upper forms in our public schools. His 
almost unequalled knozuledge of early English Literature renders 
him peculioA'ly qualified to write a work of this kind ; and English 
Grammar, he believes, zuithout a reference toWie older forms, must 
appear altogether anomalous, inco7tsistent, and unintelligible. In 
the writing of this volume, moreover, he has taken advantage of the 
researches into our language made by all the most e}?iinent scholars 
in England, America, and on the Continent. The author shows 
the place of English among the languages of the world, expounds 
clearly and with great minuteness " Grhnm^s Law,^^ gives a brief 
history of the English language and an account of the various 
dialects, investigates the history and principles of Phonology, 
Orthography, Accent, and Etymology, and devotes several chapters 
to the consideration of the various Parts of Speech, and the final 
one to Derivation and Word-formation. 



Peile (John, M.A.)— an INTRODUCTION TO GREEK 
AND LATIN ETYMOLOGY. By John Peile, M.A., 
Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge, 
formerly Teacher of Sanskrit in the University of Cambridge. 
New and revised Edition, Crown 8vo. \os. ()d. 

These Philological Lectures are the result of Notes made during the 
author'' s reading for some years previous to their publicatioii. These 
Notes zvere put into the shape of lectures, delivered at Chrisfs 
College, as one set in the ^^Intercolleg-iate^' list. They have been 
printed with some additions and .modifications, but substantially 
as they we're delivered. ^^Thc book may be accepted as a very 
valuctble contribution to the science of language.''' — SATURDAY 
Review. 



44 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 



Philology. — THE JOURNAL OF SACRED AND CLAS- 
SICAL PHILOLOGY. Four Vols. 8vo. lis. 6d. 

THE JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. New Series. Edited by W„ 
G. Clark, M.A., John E. B. Mayor, M.A., and W. Aldis 
Wright, M.A. Nos. I. II., III., and IV. 8vo. 4^. 6d. each. 
(Half-yearly.) 

Roby (H.J.) — A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 
FROM PLAUTUS TO SUETONIUS. By Henry John 
Roby, M.A., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
Part I. containing : — Book I. Sounds. Book II. Inflexions. 
Book III. Word Formation. Appendices. Crown 8vo. 8^. 6d. 

This work is the result of an independent and careful study of the 
"Writers of the strictly Classical period^ the period embraced between 
the ti?ne of Plautus and that of Stcetonius. The atithoj-''s aim has 
been to give the facts of the language in as few words as possible. It 
will be found that the arrangement of the book and the treatment of 
the various divisions differ in many respects from those of previotis 
grammars. Mr. Roby has given special prominence to the treat- 
ment of Sounds and Word-formation ; and in the First Book he has 
done much towards settling a discussion ivhich is at present largely 
engaging the attention of scholars, viz. , the Pronunciation of the 
Classical languages. In the full Appendices will be found various 
valuable details still fou'ther illustrating the subjects discussed in the 
text. The author^s reputation as a scholar and critic is already- 
well known, and the publishers are encouraged to believe that his 
present work will take its place as perhaps the most original, exhaus- 
tive, and scientific gravwiar of the Latin language that has ever 
issued from the British press. '■'The book is marked by the clear 
and practical insight of a master in his art. It is a book zvhich 
luould do honour to any country.''' — ATHENAEUM. ''Brings before 
the student in a methodical form the best results oftfiodern phHology 
bearing on the Latin language.''' — Scotsman. 

Taylor (Rev. Isaac). — words and places ; or. 

Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography. 
By the Rev. Isaac Taylor. Second Edition. Crowi 8vo. 
12S. 6d. 



WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 45 



This work, as the wSaturday Review acknowledges, 'Hs one which 
stands alone in our language.'" The subject is one achnozvled^-ed to 
be of the highest importance as a hand77iaid to History, Ethnology, 
Geography, and even to ■ Geology ; and Mr. Taylor's luork has 
taken its place as the only English authority of value on the subject. 
Not only is the work of the highest value to the sttident, but will be 
fou7id full of interest to the general reader, affoi'ding him wondeiful 
peeps into the past life and wanderings of the restless race to which 
he belongs. Every assistance is given in the tvay of specially pre- 
pared Maps, Indexes, and Appendices ; and to anyone who wishes 
to pursue the study of the subject further, the Bibliographical List of 
Books will be found invaluable. The NoN CONFORMIST says, ' ' The 
historical importance of the subject can scarcely be exaggei'ated.'' 
'^His book,'' the Reader says, ''will be invaluable to the student oj 
English history.'" ''As all cultivated minds feel curiosity about 
local names, it may be expected that 'this will become a household 
book,'''' says the Guardian. 

Trench. — Works by R. Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of 
Dublin. (For other Works by the same Author, see Theological 
Catalogue.) 

Archbishop Trench has do7ie /iiuch to sp7-ead an iizte7'est i7t the histo7y 
of our English tongue. He is ack7towledged to possess an un- 
co77i77ion power of presenti7tg, in a clear, inst7'uctive, and i7zte7'esting 
77ia7t7ter, the fi^uit of his own exte7isive resea7-ch, as well as the 
results of the labours of other scientific and historical students 
of language ; while, as ^"7^^ Athen^um says, " his sober judg77ie7tt 
and sound sense are barriers agai7tst the 77iisleading influe7ice oj 
arbit7'ary hypotheses. " 

SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. New Edition, 
enlarged. 8vo. cloth. 12s, 

The study of synony77is in cmy language is valuable as a discipliize for 
training the 7nind to close and accurate habits of thought; 77107'c 
£specially is this the case in Greek — ' ' a language spoken by a people of 
the finest and subtlest intellect; who saw distinctions where othe7-s saw 
none; who divided out to differe7it zvords zvhat others often we7'e 
content to huddle confusedly zmder a co77i77ion term'' This work is 
recognized as a valuable co77ipa7tio7i to every student of the Neiv 
Testa77ient in the original. This, the Seve7tth Edition, has been 



46 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 

Trench (R. Q.^— continued. 

carefully rez'ised, and a considerable number ofnrcV synonyms added. 
Appended is an Index to the synonyms, and an Index to many other 
words alluded to or explained throicghout the %uork. ^^He is," the 
Athen^UM says, "a guide in this department of htoTvledge to 
whofH his readers viay entrust themselves tvith confidence.''' 

ON THE STUDY OF WORDS. Lectures Addressed (originally) 
to the Pupils at the Diocesan Training School, Winchester. 
Fourteenth Edition, revised and enlarged. Fcap. 8vo. 4-5-. dd. 

This, it is believed, zvas probably the first %mrk which dreiv general 
attention in this country to the importance and interest of the 
critical and historical study of English. It still retains its place as 
one of the most successful if not the only exponent of those aspects 
of Words of tuhich it treats. The subjects of the several Lectures 
are — /. 'Lntroductoiy." II. ''''On the Poetry of Words.'''' III. 
"On the Morality of Words.'' IV. ''On the History of Words." 
'V. " On the Rise of Neiv Words.'" VI. "On the Distinction of 
Words." VII "The Schoolmaster^ s Use of Words." 

ENGLISH PAST AND PRESENT. Seventh Edition, revised 
and improved. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 

This is a series of eight Lectures, in the first of zvhich Archbishop 
Trench considers the English language as it nozv is, deco7nposes some 
specimens of it, and thus discovers of what elements it is co?npact. In 
the second lecture he considers what the language might have been 
if the Norman Conquest had never taken place. In the folloiuing 
six Lectures he institutes from various points of view a cojnparison 
between the present language and the past, points out gains which it 
has made, losses zvhich it has endured, and generally calls attention 
to some of the more important changes through zvhich it has passed, 
or is at present passing. 

A SELECT GLOSSARY OF ENGLISH WORDS USED 

FORMERLY IN SENSES DIFFERENT FROM THEIR 

PRESENT. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 

This alphabetically arranged Glossary contains many of the most 

important of those English words zvhich in the course of time have 

gradually changed their meanings. The author'' s object is to point 

out some of these changes, to suggest hozv many more there may be. 



i 



WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 47 



Trench (R. C,)— continued. 

to show how slight and subtle, while yet most real, these changes 
have often been, to trace here and there the progressive steps by 
which the old meaning has been put off and the new put on — the 
exact road which a %vord has travelled. The atithor thtis hopes to 
render some assistance to those who regard this as a serviceable dis- 
cipline in the training of their ozvn minds or the minds of others. 
Although the book is in the form of a Glossary, it tvill be found as 
interesting as a series of brief xvell-told biographies. 

ON SOME DEFICIENCIES IN OUR ENGLISH DICTION- 
ARIES : Being the substance of Two Papers read before the 
Philological Society. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
8vo. 3^'. 

The following are the main deficiencies in English dictionaries pointed 
out in these Papers, and ilhcstrated by an interesting accumulation of 
particulars : — T, '■^Obsolete ivords are incompletely registered.'''' II. 
^^ Families or groups of words are often imperfect.'''' III. '■^ Much 
earlier examples of the employment of words oftentimes exist than 
any which are cited, and much later exajnples of tvords no7v 
obsolete." IV. '■^Important meanings and uses ofzvords are passed 
over.'''' V. '^Comparatively little attention is paid to the distinguish- 
ing of synonymous words." VI. ''Many passages in our literature 
are passed by, xvhich might be carefully adduced in illustration of 
the first introduction, etymology, and 7neaning of words. ''^ VII. 
*' Our dictionaries err in redundancy as taell as defect." 

Wood. — Works by H. T. W. Wood, B.A., Clare College, 
Cambridge : — 

THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH AND 
FRENCH LITERATURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURY. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 

This Essay gained the Le Bas Prize for the year 1869. Besides a 
general Introductory Section, it contains other three Sections on 
" The Infiueiue of Boileau and his School 'f^ "The Influence of 
English Philosophy in France;''"' "Secondary Influences — the 
Drama, Fiction," etc. Appended is a Synchronological Table op 
Events connected with English and French Literature, A.D. 1 700 ~ 
A.D. 1800. 



48 MACMILLAN^S CATALOGUE. 



Wood (H. T. 'W.)—contimied. 

CHANGES in' THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BETWEEN 
THE PUBLICATION OF WICLIF'S BIBLE AND THAT 
OF THE AUTHORIZED VERSION ; a.d. 1400 to a.d. 1600. 
Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 

T/i is Essay gained the Le B as Prize for the year i^'jo. Besides the 
Introductory Section explaining the aim and scope of the Essay, 
there are other three Sections and three Appendices. Section II. 
treats of ^^ English before Chaucer.'''' III. ^^ Chaucer to Ca-xton.^^ 
IV. '■^From Caxton to the Authorized Version." — Appendix: I. 
"■^ Table of English Literature,''' A.D. 1300 — A.D. 161 1. //. 
^' Early English Bible.''' III. '■^Inflectional Changes in the Verb." 
This will be found a most valuable help in the study of our language 
during the period einbraced in the Essay. ''As we go with him" 
the Athen^UM says, ''ive learn something new at eveiy step." 

Yonge.— HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. By Char- 
lotte M. Yonge, Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe." Two 
Vols. Crown 8vo. i/. \s. 

Miss Yonge' s zvork is acknowledged to be the authority on the interest- 
ing subject of which it treats. Until she 7vrote on the subject, the 
history of names — especially Christian Names as distinguished from 
Surnames — had been but little examined ; nor why one should be 
popular and another forgotten — %vhy one should flourish through- 
out Europe, another in one country alone, another around some 
petty district. In each case she has tried to find out whence the 
name came, whether it had a patron, and whether the patron took 
it from the myths or heroes of his own coimtry, or from the mean- 
ing of the words. She has then tried to classify the na7ues, as to 
treat them merely alphabetically would destroy all their interest and 
connection. They are classified first by language, begimmig with 
Heh'exv and coming dowjt through Greek and Latin to Celtic, 
Teutonic, Slavonic, and other sources, ancient and moderjt ; then 
by meaning or spirit. ''An almost exhaustive treatment of the 
subject . . . The painstaking toil of a thoughtful and cultured mind 
on a most interesting theme." — London Quarterly. 



R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, LONDON. 



